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science </a></li><li><a href="../19519/metals-and-icp-spectroscopy-1.html">Metals and ICP spectroscopy</a></li><li><a href="../19541/catalysts--1.html">Catalysts </a></li><li><a href="../19580/liquid-crystals-1.html">Liquid crystals</a></li><li><a href="../19665/polymers--1.html">Polymers </a></li><li><a href="../19672/nanotechnology-1.html">Nanotechnology</a></li><li><a href="../19843/environmental-impact-plastics-1.html">Environmental impact - plastics</a></li><li><a href="../19858/superconducting-metals-x-ray-crystallography--1.html">Superconducting metals & X-ray crystallography </a></li><li><a href="../19666/condensation-polymers-1.html">Condensation polymers</a></li><li><a href="../19916/environmental-impact-heavy-metals-1.html">Environmental impact - heavy metals</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../19284/option-b--1.html" class="father">Option B </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../19290/introduction-to-biochemistry--1.html">Introduction to biochemistry </a></li><li><a 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nuclear fission reactions</a></li><li><a href="../19429/solar-energy-1.html">Solar energy</a></li><li><a href="../19437/environmental-impact-global-warming-1.html">Environmental impact - global warming</a></li><li><a href="../19453/electrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells-1.html">Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells</a></li><li><a href="../19458/nuclear-fusion-fission-hl--1.html">Nuclear fusion & fission (HL) </a></li><li><a href="../19470/photovoltaic-cells-and-dsscs-1.html">Photovoltaic cells and DSSCs</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../19078/option-d-1.html" class="father">Option D</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../19079/pharmaceutical-products-drug-action--1.html">Pharmaceutical products & drug action </a></li><li><a href="../19158/aspirin-penicillin--1.html">Aspirin & penicillin </a></li><li><a href="../19174/opiates-1.html">Opiates</a></li><li><a href="../19184/ph-regulation-of-the-stomach-1.html">pH regulation of the stomach</a></li><li><a href="../19194/antiviral-medications--1.html">Antiviral medications </a></li><li><a href="../19211/environmental-impact-of-some-medications-1.html">Environmental impact of some medications</a></li><li><a href="../19254/taxol-a-chiral-auxiliary-case-study-1.html">Taxol - a chiral auxiliary case study</a></li><li><a href="../19258/nuclear-medicine--1.html">Nuclear medicine </a></li><li><a href="../19273/drug-detection-analysis--1.html">Drug detection & analysis </a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16592/practical-scheme-of-work-ia--1.html">Practical scheme of work & IA </a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../16682/internal-assessment-1.html" class="father">Internal Assessment</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../18892/scaffolding-the-investigation-1.html">'Scaffolding' the investigation</a></li><li><a href="../18896/timing-organisation--1.html">Timing & organisation </a></li><li><a href="../18905/choosing-the-research-question-1.html">Choosing the research question</a></li><li><a href="../18946/personal-engagement-1.html">Personal engagement</a></li><li><a href="../18950/exploration-1.html">Exploration</a></li><li><a href="../18957/analysis-1.html">Analysis</a></li><li><a href="../18965/evaluation-1.html">Evaluation</a></li><li><a href="../18966/communication-1.html">Communication</a></li><li><a href="../19882/internal-standardization-of-the-ia-1.html">Internal standardization of the IA</a></li><li><a href="../19901/submitting-the-samples-for-moderation-2.html">Submitting the samples for moderation</a></li><li><a href="../33754/ten-suggestions-for-ias-using-secondary-data-1.html">Ten suggestions for IAs using secondary data</a></li><li><a href="../37544/gaining-full-marks-for-a-databased-ia--1.html">Gaining full marks for a databased IA </a></li><li><a href="../19506/ia-example-marking-exercise--1.html">IA example & marking exercise </a></li><li><a href="../23929/genuine-examples-of-moderated-ia-reports-1.html">Genuine examples of moderated IA reports</a></li><li><a href="../25234/examples-of-teacher-marked-ia-reports--1.html">Examples of teacher-marked IA reports </a></li><li><a href="../37542/history-of-internal-assessment-1.html">History of Internal Assessment</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16598/mandatory-laboratory-components-1.html" class="father">Mandatory laboratory components</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16613/formula-of-magnesium-oxide--1.html">Formula of magnesium oxide </a></li><li><a href="../16612/determining-the-mr-of-an-unknown-gas-1.html">Determining the <i>M</i><sub>r</sub> of an unknown gas</a></li><li><a href="../16615/acid-base-titrations--1.html">Acid-base titrations </a></li><li><a href="../16616/a-green-acid-base-practical-1.html">A green acid-base practical</a></li><li><a href="../16617/analysis-of-aspirin-tablets-1.html">Analysis of aspirin tablets</a></li><li><a href="../16618/caco3-in-egg-shells-1.html">CaCO<sub>3</sub> in egg shells</a></li><li><a href="../16644/enthalpy-changes-1.html">Enthalpy changes</a></li><li><a href="../16631/reaction-rates-1.html">Reaction rates</a></li><li><a href="../16635/rate-dependent-factors-1.html">Rate-dependent factors</a></li><li><a href="../16636/determining-ea-for-a-reaction-1.html">Determining <i>E</i><sub>a</sub> for a reaction</a></li><li><a href="../16637/iodination-of-propanone-1.html">Iodination of propanone</a></li><li><a href="../18144/titrations-with-a-ph-meter-1.html">Titrations with a pH meter</a></li><li><a href="../18355/redox-titration-with-kmno4--1.html">Redox titration with KMnO<sub>4</sub> </a></li><li><a href="../16640/voltaic-cells-1.html">Voltaic cells</a></li><li><a href="../16659/3-d-molecular-modelling--1.html">3-D molecular modelling </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../17168/other-good-practicals-1.html" class="father">Other good practicals</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../17196/common-chemical-reactions-1.html">Common chemical reactions</a></li><li><a href="../227/elements-oxides-of-the-third-period--1.html">Elements & oxides of the third period </a></li><li><a href="../17239/the-halogens-1.html">The halogens</a></li><li><a href="../17162/boiling-points-of-mixtures-1.html">Boiling points of mixtures</a></li><li><a href="../17170/polarity-of-molecules-1.html">Polarity of molecules</a></li><li><a href="../18083/le-chateliers-principle--1.html">Le Chatelier's principle </a></li><li><a href="../19582/determining-kc-for-an-esterification-reaction-1.html">Determining <i>K</i><sub>c</sub> for an esterification reaction</a></li><li><a href="../18164/redox-reactions-of-vanadium--1.html">Redox reactions of vanadium </a></li><li><a href="../18351/chlorine-in-swimming-pools--1.html">Chlorine in swimming pools </a></li><li><a href="../18178/analysis-of-cuii-ions-in-solution--1.html">Analysis of Cu(II) ions in solution </a></li><li><a href="../18179/percentage-of-copper-in-brass-1.html">Percentage of copper in brass</a></li><li><a href="../18356/electrolytic-cells--1.html">Electrolytic cells </a></li><li><a href="../18598/reactions-of-organic-compounds-1.html">Reactions of organic compounds</a></li><li><a href="../18752/hydrolysis-of-halogenoalkanes-1.html">Hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes</a></li><li><a href="../18784/preparation-of-13-dinitrobenzene--1.html">Preparation of 1,3-dinitrobenzene </a></li><li><a href="../19022/determination-of-an-organic-structure-1.html">Determination of an organic structure</a></li><li><a href="../19887/preparation-of-nylon-66-1.html">Preparation of nylon 6,6</a></li><li><a href="../19343/determination-of-vitamin-c-content--1.html">Determination of vitamin C content </a></li><li><a href="../19342/hydrolysis-of-starch--1.html">Hydrolysis of starch </a></li><li><a href="../19159/preparation-purification-of-aspirin--1.html">Preparation & purification of aspirin </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../18851/ict-in-practical-work-1.html" class="father">ICT in practical work</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../18852/data-logging--1.html">Data logging </a></li><li><a href="../18853/software-for-graph-plotting--1.html">Software for graph plotting </a></li><li><a href="../18854/spreadsheets-for-data-processing--1.html">Spreadsheets for data processing </a></li><li><a href="../18855/databases-1.html">Databases</a></li><li><a href="../18856/computer-modelling-simulations--1.html">Computer modelling & simulations </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16594/group-4-project-1.html" class="father">Group 4 Project</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16595/practicalities-1.html">Practicalities</a></li><li><a href="../16596/reflective-statement--2.html">Reflective statement </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16666/a-new-laboratory-1.html">A new laboratory?</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16284/exams-1.html">Exams</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../16286/essential-facts-1.html" class="father">Essential Facts</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a 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Chemistry?</a></li><li><a href="../3505/a-modern-paradigm-1.html">A modern paradigm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="../17783/fast-track-to-tests-questions-1.html">Fast track to tests & questions</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../17784/sl-multiple-choice-tests-on-individual-topics-1.html">SL Multiple choice tests on individual topics</a></li><li><a href="../24351/sl-multiple-choice-quizzes-on-sub-topics-1.html">SL Multiple choice 'quizzes' on sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../31519/sl-practice-paper-1-exams-1.html">SL Practice Paper 1 exams</a></li><li><a href="../17786/sl-questions-on-each-sub-topic-1.html">SL Questions on each sub-topic</a></li><li><a href="../20431/sl-paper-3-section-a-questions-1.html">SL Paper 3 Section A questions</a></li><li><a href="../17792/sl-questions-on-the-options-1.html">SL Questions on the options</a></li><li><a href="../24897/sl-quizzes-on-option-sub-topics--1.html">SL Quizzes on option sub-topics </a></li><li><a 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<nav id="sidemenu" class="side-nav"><div class="header"><span style="color: #fff;"><a href="../41465/complete-course-for-students--2.html">Complete course for students </a></span><span id="sidetreecontrol"><a title="Collapse all" rel="collapse" href="#"><i class="fa fa-minus-circle"></i></a> <a title="Expand all" rel="expand" href="#"><i class="fa fa-plus-circle"></i></a></span></div><ul class="level-0 always-expanded"><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../27988/full-coverage-of-each-topic-and-sub-topic-2.html" title="Full coverage of each topic and sub-topic">Full coverage of each topic and sub-topic</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../27959/topic-1-stoichiometric-relationships-1.html" title="Topic 1 : Stoichiometric relationships">Topic 1 : Stoichiometric relationships</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../27947/11-particulate-nature-of-matter-and-chemical-change--1.html" title="1.1 Particulate nature of matter and chemical change ">1.1 Particulate nature of matter and chemical change </a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../27954/12-the-mole-concept-1.html" title="1.2 The mole concept">1.2 The mole concept</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41469/comprehending-avogadros-constant-1.html" title="Comprehending Avogadro's constant">Comprehending Avogadro's constant</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../27958/13-reacting-masses-and-volumes--1.html" title="1.3 Reacting masses and volumes ">1.3 Reacting masses and volumes </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../27960/topics-2-12-atomic-structure-1.html" title="Topics 2 & 12 : Atomic structure">Topics 2 & 12 : Atomic structure</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../27961/21-the-nuclear-atom--1.html" title="2.1 The nuclear atom ">2.1 The nuclear atom </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../27962/22-electron-configuration--1.html" title="2.2 Electron configuration ">2.2 Electron configuration </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../27963/121-electrons-in-atoms--1.html" title="12.1 Electrons in atoms ">12.1 Electrons in atoms </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../27965/topics-3-13-periodicity-1.html" title="Topics 3 & 13 : Periodicity">Topics 3 & 13 : Periodicity</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../27966/31-the-periodic-table-1.html" title="3.1 The periodic table">3.1 The periodic table</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../27967/32-periodic-trends--1.html" title="3.2 Periodic trends ">3.2 Periodic trends </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../27968/131-first-row-d-block-elements-1.html" title="13.1 First-row d-block elements">13.1 First-row d-block elements</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../27970/132-coloured-complexes-1.html" title="13.2 Coloured complexes">13.2 Coloured complexes</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../27971/topics-4-14-chemical-bonding-structure-1.html" title="Topics 4 & 14 : Chemical bonding & structure">Topics 4 & 14 : Chemical bonding & structure</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../27972/41-ionic-bonding-structure--1.html" title="4.1 Ionic bonding & structure ">4.1 Ionic bonding & structure </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../27973/42-covalent-bonding-1.html" title="4.2 Covalent bonding">4.2 Covalent bonding</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../27974/43-covalent-structures-1--1.html" title="4.3 Covalent structures (1) ">4.3 Covalent structures (1) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../27980/43-covalent-structures-2--1.html" title="4.3 Covalent structures (2) ">4.3 Covalent structures (2) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../27981/44-intermolecular-forces--1.html" title="4.4 Intermolecular forces ">4.4 Intermolecular forces </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../27982/45-metallic-bonding--1.html" title="4.5 Metallic bonding ">4.5 Metallic bonding </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../27983/141-further-aspects-of-covalent-bonding-1.html" title="14.1 Further aspects of covalent bonding">14.1 Further aspects of covalent bonding</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../27985/142-hybridization-1.html" title="14.2 Hybridization">14.2 Hybridization</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../27987/topics-5-15-energeticsthermochemistry-1.html" title="Topics 5 & 15 : Energetics/thermochemistry">Topics 5 & 15 : Energetics/thermochemistry</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../27989/51-measuring-energy-changes-1.html" title="5.1 Measuring energy changes">5.1 Measuring energy changes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../27991/52-hesss-law-1.html" title="5.2 Hess's Law">5.2 Hess's Law</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../27992/53-bond-enthalpies--1.html" title="5.3 Bond enthalpies ">5.3 Bond enthalpies </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../27993/151-energy-cycles-1.html" title="15.1 Energy cycles">15.1 Energy cycles</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../27994/152-entropy-spontaneity-1.html" title="15.2 Entropy & spontaneity">15.2 Entropy & spontaneity</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../27995/topics-6-16-chemical-kinetics-1.html" title="Topics 6 & 16 : Chemical kinetics">Topics 6 & 16 : Chemical kinetics</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../27996/61-collision-theory-rates-of-reaction-1.html" title="6.1 Collision theory & rates of reaction">6.1 Collision theory & rates of reaction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../27997/161-rate-expression-reaction-mechanism-1.html" title="16.1 Rate expression & reaction mechanism">16.1 Rate expression & reaction mechanism</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../27998/162-activation-energy-1.html" title="16.2 Activation energy">16.2 Activation energy</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28001/topics-7-17-equilibrium--1.html" title="Topics 7 & 17 : Equilibrium ">Topics 7 & 17 : Equilibrium </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../27999/71-equilibrium-1.html" title="7.1 Equilibrium">7.1 Equilibrium</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28000/171-equilibrium-law-1.html" title="17.1 Equilibrium law">17.1 Equilibrium law</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28017/topics-8-18-acids-and-bases--1.html" title="Topics 8 & 18 : Acids and bases ">Topics 8 & 18 : Acids and bases </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28002/81-theories-of-acids-bases-1.html" title="8.1 Theories of acids & bases">8.1 Theories of acids & bases</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28010/82-properties-of-acids-bases-1.html" title="8.2 Properties of acids & bases">8.2 Properties of acids & bases</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28011/83-ph-scale-1.html" title="8.3 pH scale">8.3 pH scale</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28012/84-strong-weak-acids-bases-1.html" title="8.4 Strong & weak acids & bases">8.4 Strong & weak acids & bases</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28013/85-acid-deposition--1.html" title="8.5 Acid deposition ">8.5 Acid deposition </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28014/181-lewis-acids-bases--1.html" title="18.1 Lewis acids & bases ">18.1 Lewis acids & bases </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28015/182-calculations-involving-acids-bases--1.html" title="18.2 Calculations involving acids & bases ">18.2 Calculations involving acids & bases </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28016/183-ph-titration-curves-1.html" title="18.3 pH titration curves">18.3 pH titration curves</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28031/topics-9-19-redox-process-1.html" title="Topics 9 & 19 : Redox process">Topics 9 & 19 : Redox process</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28021/91-oxidation-reduction-1.html" title="9.1 Oxidation & reduction">9.1 Oxidation & reduction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28022/92-electrochemical-cells-1.html" title="9.2 Electrochemical cells">9.2 Electrochemical cells</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28023/191-electrochemical-cells-ahl-1.html" title="19.1 Electrochemical cells (AHL)">19.1 Electrochemical cells (AHL)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28061/topics-10-20-organic-chemistry-1.html" title="Topics 10 & 20 : Organic chemistry">Topics 10 & 20 : Organic chemistry</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28042/101-fundamentals-of-organic-chemistry-1.html" title="10.1 Fundamentals of organic chemistry">10.1 Fundamentals of organic chemistry</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28043/1021-alkanes-alkenes-addition-polymers-1.html" title="10.2(1) Alkanes, alkenes & addition polymers">10.2(1) Alkanes, alkenes & addition polymers</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28044/1022-alcohols--1.html" title="10.2(2) Alcohols ">10.2(2) Alcohols </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28047/1023-halogenoalkanes-benzene-1.html" title="10.2(3) Halogenoalkanes & benzene">10.2(3) Halogenoalkanes & benzene</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28050/2011-nucleophilic-substitution--1.html" title="20.1(1) Nucleophilic substitution ">20.1(1) Nucleophilic substitution </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28051/2012-electrophilic-addition--1.html" title="20.1(2) Electrophilic addition ">20.1(2) Electrophilic addition </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28053/2013-electrophilic-substitution-1.html" title="20.1(3) Electrophilic substitution">20.1(3) Electrophilic substitution</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28054/2014-reduction-reactions--1.html" title="20.1(4) Reduction reactions ">20.1(4) Reduction reactions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28056/202-synthetic-routes--1.html" title="20.2 Synthetic routes ">20.2 Synthetic routes </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28059/203-stereoisomerism--1.html" title="20.3 Stereoisomerism ">20.3 Stereoisomerism </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28038/topics-11-21-measurement-data-processing-analysis-1.html" title="Topics 11 & 21 : Measurement, data processing & analysis">Topics 11 & 21 : Measurement, data processing & analysis</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28032/111-uncertainty-errors--1.html" title="11.1 Uncertainty & errors ">11.1 Uncertainty & errors </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28033/112-graphical-techniques-1.html" title="11.2 Graphical techniques">11.2 Graphical techniques</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28034/113-spectroscopic-identification-of-organic-compounds-1.html" title="11.3 Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds">11.3 Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28039/211-spectroscopic-identification-of-organic-compounds-ahl-1.html" title="21.1 Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds (AHL)">21.1 Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds (AHL)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28074/option-a-materials--1.html" title="Option A : Materials ">Option A : Materials </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28062/a1-introduction-to-materials-science--1.html" title="A.1 Introduction to materials science ">A.1 Introduction to materials science </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28063/a2-metals-and-icp-spectroscopy-1.html" title="A.2 Metals and ICP spectroscopy">A.2 Metals and ICP spectroscopy</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28065/a3-catalysts--1.html" title="A.3 Catalysts ">A.3 Catalysts </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28066/a4-liquid-crystals-1.html" title="A.4 Liquid crystals">A.4 Liquid crystals</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28067/a5-polymers-1.html" title="A.5 Polymers">A.5 Polymers</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28069/a6-nanotechnology-1.html" title="A.6 Nanotechnology">A.6 Nanotechnology</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28070/a7-environmental-impact-plastics-1.html" title="A.7 Environmental impact - plastics">A.7 Environmental impact - plastics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28071/a8-superconducting-metals-x-ray-crystallography--1.html" title="A.8 Superconducting metals & X-ray crystallography ">A.8 Superconducting metals & X-ray crystallography </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28072/a9-condensation-polymers-1.html" title="A.9 Condensation polymers">A.9 Condensation polymers</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28073/a10-environmental-impact-heavy-metals-1.html" title="A.10 Environmental impact - heavy metals">A.10 Environmental impact - heavy metals</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28087/option-b-biochemistry-1.html" title="Option B : Biochemistry">Option B : Biochemistry</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28076/b1-introduction-to-biochemistry--1.html" title="B.1 Introduction to biochemistry ">B.1 Introduction to biochemistry </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28078/b2-proteins-enzymes-1.html" title="B.2 Proteins & enzymes">B.2 Proteins & enzymes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28079/b3-lipids-1.html" title="B.3 Lipids">B.3 Lipids</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28080/b4-carbohydrates-1.html" title="B.4 Carbohydrates">B.4 Carbohydrates</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28081/b5-vitamins-1.html" title="B.5 Vitamins">B.5 Vitamins</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28082/b6-biochemistry-the-environment-1.html" title="B.6 Biochemistry & the environment">B.6 Biochemistry & the environment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28083/b7-proteins-enzymes-ahl--1.html" title="B.7 Proteins & enzymes (AHL) ">B.7 Proteins & enzymes (AHL) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28084/b8-nucleic-acids-1.html" title="B.8 Nucleic acids">B.8 Nucleic acids</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28085/b9-biological-pigments-1.html" title="B.9 Biological pigments">B.9 Biological pigments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28086/b10-stereochemistry-in-biomolecules-1.html" title="B.10 Stereochemistry in biomolecules">B.10 Stereochemistry in biomolecules</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28098/option-c-energy--1.html" title="Option C : Energy ">Option C : Energy </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28088/c1-energy-sources--1.html" title="C.1 Energy sources ">C.1 Energy sources </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28089/c2-fossil-fuels-1.html" title="C.2 Fossil fuels">C.2 Fossil fuels</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28090/c3-nuclear-fusion-nuclear-fission-reactions-1.html" title="C.3 Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission reactions">C.3 Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission reactions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28091/c4-solar-energy--1.html" title="C.4 Solar energy ">C.4 Solar energy </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28094/c5-environmental-impact-global-warming--1.html" title="C.5 Environmental impact - global warming ">C.5 Environmental impact - global warming </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28095/c6-electrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells-1.html" title="C.6 Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells">C.6 Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28096/c7-nuclear-fusion-fission-hl--1.html" title="C.7 Nuclear fusion & fission (HL) ">C.7 Nuclear fusion & fission (HL) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28097/c8-photovoltaic-cells-and-dsscs-1.html" title="C.8 Photovoltaic cells and DSSCs">C.8 Photovoltaic cells and DSSCs</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28109/option-d-medicinal-chemistry-1.html" title="Option D : Medicinal chemistry">Option D : Medicinal chemistry</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28099/d1-pharmaceutical-products-drug-action--1.html" title="D.1 Pharmaceutical products & drug action ">D.1 Pharmaceutical products & drug action </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28100/d2-aspirin-penicillin-1.html" title="D.2 Aspirin & penicillin">D.2 Aspirin & penicillin</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28101/d3-opiates-1.html" title="D.3 Opiates">D.3 Opiates</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28103/d4-ph-regulation-of-the-stomach-1.html" title="D.4 pH regulation of the stomach">D.4 pH regulation of the stomach</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28102/d5-antiviral-medications-1.html" title="D.5 Antiviral medications">D.5 Antiviral medications</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28104/d6-environmental-impact-of-some-medications-1.html" title="D.6 Environmental impact of some medications">D.6 Environmental impact of some medications</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28105/d7-taxol-a-chiral-auxiliary-case-study--1.html" title="D.7 Taxol - a chiral auxiliary case study ">D.7 Taxol - a chiral auxiliary case study </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28107/d8-nuclear-medicine--1.html" title="D.8 Nuclear medicine ">D.8 Nuclear medicine </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../28108/d9-drug-detection-analysis-1.html" title="D.9 Drug detection & analysis">D.9 Drug detection & analysis</a></li></ul></ul><li class="ancestor parent" style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a 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14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41494/nature-of-science-questions--1.html" title="Nature of Science questions ">Nature of Science questions </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41498/nos-question-example-1--1.html" title="NoS question - Example 1 ">NoS question - Example 1 </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41499/nos-question-example-2--1.html" title="NoS question - Example 2 ">NoS question - Example 2 </a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41401/external-assessment-exams-1.html" title="External assessment (Exams)">External assessment (Exams)</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41403/essential-facts--1.html" title="Essential Facts 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</div><section id="main-content"><div class="intro-card" readonly="false"><img class="intro-image" readonly="true" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014%20practicals/screen-shot-2017-07-24-at-09.18.05.png"><div class="content" readonly="true"><p class="text">This page explains in great detail through a webcast how three different genuine IAs (two databased and one hands-on) are marked and moderated. The IAs are supplied so, if you wish, you can mark them first then compare your mark with the moderators. A fourth exemplar IA is then given for you to work through to see whether you agree with the marks given.</p></div></div><div class="greenBg"><h1><img alt="" height="22" src="../../../img/tib-icons/standard-level-32-1.png" title="" width="22"> <img alt="" height="22" src="../../../img/tib-icons/higher-level-32-1.png" title="" width="22"> An IA moderator discusses how three IA reports are marked and moderated</h1><p>It can really help you, as a student, to see how IAs are marked as you can learn from the mistakes that other students have made and also see the standard that is required. I'm really grateful to James Midgley for sharing his experience as an IA moderator. James has supplied three IA reports which if you wish you can read through and award your own mark and then he discusses how the marks have been arrived at in this 70 minutes webcast. The first two reports are database reports, i.e. they are based on secondary data. The third is based on hands-on experimental work by the student.</p><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="280" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/B_VQc5wGTag?rel=0" width="360"></iframe></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B_VQc5wGTag" target="_blank" title="Videos"><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/video-1.png"><span class="anchor" id="video-1" name="video-1"> </span> Explaining how three IAs are marked</a></p><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;"></p><p><a href="/media/ib/chemistry/files/2014%20practicals/sample-ia-1--.pdf">Sample IA 1 </a>The effect of structural isomerism on the boiling points of the first six aliphatic alcohols</p><p><a href="/media/ib/chemistry/files/2014%20practicals/sample-ia-2.pdf">Sample IA 2</a> To What extent does the size of the central atom in H-X-H affect molecular geometry by using ligand close-packing model framework?</p><p><a href="/media/ib/chemistry/files/2014%20practicals/sample-ia-3-.pdf">Sample IA 3</a> Determining the activation energy of the traffic light reaction.</p><hr class="hidden"></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="blueBg"><h1><img alt="" height="22" src="../../../img/tib-icons/standard-level-32-1.png" title="" width="22"> <img alt="" height="22" src="../../../img/tib-icons/higher-level-32-1.png" title="" width="22"> Do you agree with the teacher or with the IB's moderated mark?</h1><p>Now that you can see how IA reports are marked and moderated you might like to try this exercise.</p><p>A teacher contacted me as he was concerned that the IA report of one of his students, which he had awarded 21/24 for, was marked down to 14/24 when it was moderated by the IB.</p><p>Clearly he was perplexed as to why his marks for his students' reports had been reduced considerably and in this particular case by 33%. He asked me if I would look at the student's report to give my opinion and help him to understand "why it was marked down". Normally this is not something I have the time to do but I was intrigued that there was such a difference and wondered whether I would agree with the teacher's original marks or with the IB's moderated marks - or indeed whether I would differ from both of them. I see this as important as at workshops and in discussion forums with teachers for many years I find that they naturally worry about whether the standard of their marking is both fair to their students and in line with that required by the IB.</p><p>The report was submitted for the May 2017 session. It has the title, "Impact of Ocean Acidification on Marine Life based on a Study of the Reaction Rate between Hydrochloric Acid and Bivalve Shells". With both the student's and the teacher's permission to use the report I have completely removed any reference either by name or by number to the school, the teacher and the author but otherwise the report is as it was submitted. The teacher made one small comment which was "it is just carbonated water" after the student had written on page 3 that he/she had no means of obtaining carbonic acid. Clearly the copyright remains with the student so on the downloadable version I have acknowledged this even though it has the <em>InThinking</em> template.</p><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014-blog/clams---mussels.png" style="width: 660px; height: 183px;"></p><p style="text-align: center;">Manila clams and mussels (the shells from the two bivalves were used in the study)</p></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="greenBg"><h2>Access to the report</h2><p>So that you can form your own opinion and test your own marking the IA report is reproduced below either for viewing on the site or for downloading.</p><hr class="hidden"><p><iframe frameborder="0" height="420" scrolling="yes" src="/media/ib/chemistry/files/2014%20practicals/ia-on-ocean-acidification.pdf" width="100%"></iframe></p><hr class="hidden"></div><hr class="hidden"><p>My own marks and the rationale for awarding them and how they compare to both the teacher's marks and the IB's moderated mark can be seen by clicking on the 'hidden' button.</p><hr class="hidden"><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><div class="pinkBg"><h2><strong>Comments and marks on the IA report: </strong></h2><p>"Impact of Ocean Acidification on Marine Life based on a Study of the Reaction Rate between Hydrochloric Acid and Bivalve Shells"</p><p>The teacher awarded the following marks:<br>Personal engagement 2/2<br>Exploration 5/6<br>Analysis 5/6<br>Evaluation 5/6<br>Communication 4/4</p><p><strong>Total 21/24</strong></p><hr class="hidden"><p>When marking a student’s IA report there are two points that are worth bearing in mind before attempting to award marks for each of the five assessment criteria.</p><hr class="hidden">The first is that the moderating examiner will base his or her marks only on the IA report and any comments that the teacher may have added. The moderator does not know the student or the school. They will not know, for example, whether the student was keen and conscientious or whether they had to be pushed all the way to produce the report by the requisite deadline etc., so when you mark the report you need to be as objective as possible.<hr class="hidden">Secondly it is worth considering that the mark out of 24 is converted by the IB into a grade of 1-7 as one of the components of the overall grade that the student will be awarded once the three external examinations are also taken into account. The grade boundaries are arrived at by considering the <a href="../41406/grade-descriptors--1.html" title="Complete course for students » External assessment (Exams) » Essential Facts » Grade descriptors ">Grade descriptors</a>. For the raw marks out of 24 these boundaries are:<hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" class="noborder" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014%20practicals/ia-grade-boundaries.png" style="width: 345px; height: 126px;"></p><hr class="hidden"><p>It can be very instructive to work backwards and before you address the individual criteria read the report as a whole and try to determine which grade out of 1-7 it is worthy of. When I read the accompanying IA on ocean acidification I feel that it is of Grade 5 standard, i.e. it best fits:</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;">“Displays broad knowledge of factual information in the syllabus. Shows sound understanding of most concepts and principles and applies them in some contexts. Analyses and evaluates quantitative and/or qualitative data competently. Constructs explanations of simple phenomena. Solves most basic or familiar problems and some new or difficult quantitative and/or qualitative problems. Communicates clearly with little or no irrelevant material. Demonstrates personal skills, perseverance and responsibility in a variety of investigative activities in a fairly consistent manner. “</p><p>This means that when I sum up the marks I award for the individual internal assessment criteria I would expect the total to be in the region of 14-16. If they deviate considerably from this then it is worth re-looking at my assessment before finalising my marks.</p><p>The marks and the justification that I would give for the individual assessment criteria are as follows.</p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>Personal engagement 1/2</strong></p><p>This is governed by:</p><ul><li>Shows clear evidence of significant independent thinking or creativity.</li><li>Demonstrates personal significance, interest or curiosity in the choice of research question or topic under investigation.</li><li>Provides evidence of personal input and initiative in the design, implementation or presentation.</li></ul><p>In my opinion the student has demonstrated some personal significance and interest in the choice of topic but there is not much evidence of significant independent thinking or personal input into the design of the experiment. The experiment (acid on a carbonate) is rather simplistic and the method is given as a recipe with no diagram of the apparatus used or explanation as to why the particular method was chosen compared to other possible methods.</p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>Exploration 3/6</strong></p><p>This is governed by:</p><ul><li>Identifies the topic and describes a relevant and fully focused research question.</li><li>Contains entirely appropriate and relevant background information that enhances the scientific context of the investigation.</li><li>Uses highly appropriate methodology to address the research question that takes into account all, or nearly all, of the factors that have a significant influence on the relevance, reliability and sufficiency of the data collected.</li><li>Shows full awareness of any significant environmental, ethical and safety issues that are relevant to the methodology used, if appropriate.</li></ul><p>The topic is clearly identified but the research question could be better worded as it is not clear exactly what reaction is being referred to. It would be better stated as “What effect does varying the concentration and temperature have on the rate of the reactions between hydrochloric acid and clam shells and between hydrochloric acid and mussel shells.” Unfortunately the student has not fully understood the concept of pH. It is stated that the pH has dropped 0.1 unit since the industrial revolution and is predicted to fall by a further 0.5 units but the actual pH of sea-water is not given. Carbonic acid cannot produce a pH lower than 5.65. The use of 1.0 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> hydrochloric acid gives a pH of zero and this and the pH of 2.0 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> hydrochloric acid are both very much lower than any change in pH caused by increased amounts of carbon dioxide dissolved in sea-water. The student has realised that carbonic acid is a weak acid but by stating that “hydrochloric acid does not impose significant limitations” has not shown that the model chosen does in fact have severe limitations. There is no attempt to determine quantitatively whether the acid or the calcium carbonate in the shells is the limiting reagent in the reaction – an important factor when planning the experiment. There is also no explanation as to why a volume of 40 cm<sup>3</sup> of carbon dioxide was used as the cut-off point.</p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>Analysis 4/6</strong></p><p>This is governed by:</p><ul><li>Includes sufficient relevant quantitative and qualitative raw data that is able to support a detailed and valid conclusion to the research question.</li><li>Shows that the recorded data has been sufficiently processed in an appropriate and accurate manner so that a conclusion can be drawn which is fully consistent with the experimental data.</li><li>Shows clearly the impact of the uncertainties associated with measured data on the processed results and how they affect the conclusion.</li></ul><p>The student has three ‘trials’ for both the clam and the mussels shells but in fact these are three separate experiments that are each only performed once. Because of the ten hour limitation this will always be a problem but it is a serious limitation on the scientific value of the data obtained. The recording and processing of the data is generally good (including the qualitative data) but the time in seconds should not be recorded to two decimal places when the it is clear from the recorded observations that this was impossible to achieve with any accuracy. There are also problems with the correct use of units. For example the student writes on page 6, “The uncertainties for molarity and temperature of hydrochloric acid are as follows ± 0.05 mL, ± 0.01g.” This is nonsense as the units for molarity are mol dm<sup>-3</sup> and the units for temperature are <sup>o</sup>C. The ‘rate of the reaction’ in the uncertainty calculations is arrived at by dividing the volume of 40 cm<sup>3</sup> by time whereas it would have been better to calculate the slope of the initial rate as that is what is discussed in I, II and III on page 9.</p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>Evaluation: 3/6</strong></p><p>This is governed by:</p><ul><li>Presents a detailed conclusion that is consistent with the facts presented and is completely relevant to the research question.</li><li>Justifies the conclusion by relevant comparison to the accepted scientific context.</li><li>Discusses the strengths and weaknesses of the investigation and the methodology used. This should include limitations associated with the data and sources of error and show a clear understanding of the factors affecting the validity of the conclusion.</li><li>Discusses relevant and realistic ways in which the investigation might be improved and extended.</li></ul><p>The student has recognised some of the limitations of the experiment, e.g. the importance of uniform particle size and proper control of temperature etc. and suggested some reasonable ways in which these could be overcome of at least improved, e.g. repeating the measurements to obtain an average etc. Unfortunately, although it is stated that it would have been better to use carbonic acid, the limitations of using hydrochloric acid to address the topic of acidification of the oceans are still not recognised. Different ways of measuring the amount of carbon dioxide produced, e.g. using a gas syringe or performing the experiment on a balance to record mass loss, are also not mentioned or discussed. The student has attempted to justify why decreasing the temperature decreases the rate but in fact misses the main the point that less of the reactants will possess the necessary activation energy (a decrease in the frequency of collisions is only a minor factor as most collisions do not result in a reaction).</p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>Communication 3/4</strong></p><p>This is governed by:</p><ul><li>Is written and presented clearly so that any errors do not hinder the understanding of the focus, process and outcomes.</li><li>Is well structured so that the necessary information relating to focus, process and outcomes is presented coherently.</li><li>Is concise and relevant so that the focus, process and outcomes can be readily understood.</li><li>Uses correct chemical terminology and conventions and attributes all sources in a recognised manner.</li></ul><p>The student has communicated quite well as the report flows logically and is within the prescribed 6-12 pages. Although there is no formal bibliography, sources have been properly attributed in footnotes. Words could have been saved by presenting the experimental method in a narrative form rather than simply giving a list of materials followed by a recipe. This would release more space to cover the discussion, evaluation and conclusion. In the graphs the vertical axes should be labelled ‘volume’ of carbon dioxide to correspond to the units given as the units of ‘amount’ are mol.</p><hr class="hidden"><p>In summary my total mark is <strong>14/24</strong>. This does lie within the predicted range of 14-16 obtained upon my holistic reading of the report. It is also in complete agreement with the IB moderated mark although there is no way of knowing whether the IB mark of 14/24 was arrived at in the same way.</p></div></section></section></article><section id="media-extras"><div class="page-actions no-print navbar inline hidden-desktop"><div class="navbar-inner"><ul class="nav"><li><a class="presentation" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-desktop"></i></a></li><li><a class="print-section-blog" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-print"></i></a></li><li><a class="page-bookmarker" data-ticket="IB Docs (2) Team" data-pid="41550" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star"></i></a></li><li><a class="personal-notes" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-file-text"></i></a></li><li><a class="" data-toggle="modal" href="#modal-feedback" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></a></li><li class="dropdown"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-target="#" href="#"><i class="fa fa-share-alt"></i></a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Twitter" href="https://twitter.com/share?text=%22Genuine+examples+of+marked+IA+reports+%22+-+via+%40InThinker+%23chemistry%0A&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F41550%2Fgenuine-examples-of-marked-ia-reports-"><i class="fa fa-twitter-square"></i><span>Twitter</span></a></li><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F41550%2Fgenuine-examples-of-marked-ia-reports-&t=Genuine+examples+of+marked+IA+reports+"><i class="fa fa-facebook-square"></i><span>Facebook</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F41550%2Fgenuine-examples-of-marked-ia-reports-"><i class="fa fa-linkedin-square"></i><span>LinkedIn</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="https://plus.google.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F41550%2Fgenuine-examples-of-marked-ia-reports-"><i class="fa fa-google-plus-square"></i><span>Google +</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="mailto:?subject=Genuine examples of marked IA reports &body=This page explains in great detail through a webcast how three different genuine IAs (two databased and one hands-on) are marked and moderated. 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