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TOK and Richard I</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26836/ps2-conquest-and-its-impact.html" title="PS2: Conquest and its impact">PS2: Conquest and its impact</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26840/1-the-final-stages-of-muslim-rule-in-spain-atl.html" title="1. The final stages of Muslim rule in Spain: ATL">1. The final stages of Muslim rule in Spain: ATL</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26844/2-the-conquest-of-mexico-and-peru-atl.html" title="2. The conquest of Mexico and Peru: ATL">2. The conquest of Mexico and Peru: ATL</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19945/ps3-the-move-to-global-war.html" title="PS3: The Move to Global War">PS3: The Move to Global War</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45136/1-case-study-1-japanese-expansion-in-east-asia-1931-41.html" title="1. Case study 1: Japanese expansion in East Asia 1931-41">1. Case study 1: Japanese expansion in East Asia 1931-41</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45135/1-japanese-expansion-causes-.html" title="1. Japanese expansion: causes ">1. Japanese expansion: causes </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45137/2-japanese-expansion-events-1931-to-1939.html" title="2. Japanese expansion: events 1931 to 1939">2. Japanese expansion: events 1931 to 1939</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45146/3-japanese-expansion-international-response-1931-1941.html" title="3. Japanese expansion: International response 1931 - 1941">3. Japanese expansion: International response 1931 - 1941</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20455/21-case-study-2-italian-expansion-19331940-.html" title="2.1 Case Study 2: Italian expansion (1933–1940) ">2.1 Case Study 2: Italian expansion (1933–1940) </a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44514/1-causes-of-italian-expansion.html" title="1. Causes of Italian expansion">1. Causes of Italian expansion</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44520/2-events-1935-1939.html" title="2. Events 1935 - 1939">2. Events 1935 - 1939</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44521/3-international-response-to-italian-aggression.html" title="3. International response to Italian aggression">3. International response to Italian aggression</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26982/22-case-study-2-german-expansion-1933-1940-atl.html" title="2.2 Case Study 2: German expansion (1933 - 1940) ATL">2.2 Case Study 2: German expansion (1933 - 1940) ATL</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44489/1-causes-of-german-expansion.html" title="1. Causes of German expansion">1. Causes of German expansion</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44761/2-events-german-challenges-to-the-post-war-settlements-19331938.html" title="2. Events - German challenges to the post-war settlements (1933–1938)">2. Events - German challenges to the post-war settlements (1933–1938)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44762/3-events-german-expansion-19381939.html" title="3. Events - German expansion (1938–1939)">3. Events - German expansion (1938–1939)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44763/4-international-response-to-german-aggression-19331938.html" title="4. International response to German aggression (1933–1938)">4. International response to German aggression (1933–1938)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44764/5-international-response-to-german-and-italian-aggression-1940.html" title="5. International response to German and Italian aggression (1940)">5. International response to German and Italian aggression (1940)</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20009/6-ps3-full-source-papers-case-study-2.html" title="6. PS3: Full source papers Case Study 2">6. PS3: Full source papers Case Study 2</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="7. PS3 Move to Global War: Quizzes">7. PS3 Move to Global War: Quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28200/2-interactive-quizzes.html" title="2. Interactive quizzes">2. Interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28218/move-to-global-war-germany.html" title="Move to Global War: Germany">Move to Global War: Germany</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28213/move-to-global-war-italy.html" title="Move to Global War: Italy">Move to Global War: Italy</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../../task/398980.html" title="Move to Global War: Japan">Move to Global War: Japan</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19946/ps4-rights-and-protest.html" title="PS4: Rights and Protest">PS4: Rights and Protest</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20016/1-case-study-1-civil-rights-movement-in-the-united-states-195419.html" title="1. Case Study 1: Civil rights movement in the United States (1954–1965) ">1. Case Study 1: Civil rights movement in the United States (1954–1965) </a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44442/1-nature-and-characteristics-of-discrimination.html" title="1. Nature and characteristics of discrimination">1. Nature and characteristics of discrimination</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44446/2-protests-and-action.html" title="2. Protests and action">2. Protests and action</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44447/3-the-role-and-significance-of-key-actorsgroups.html" title="3. The role and significance of key actors/groups">3. The role and significance of key actors/groups</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20616/3-case-study-2-apartheid-south-africa-1948-1964-.html" title="3. Case Study 2: Apartheid South Africa (1948 - 1964) ">3. Case Study 2: Apartheid South Africa (1948 - 1964) </a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44454/1-nature-and-characteristics-of-discrimination.html" title="1. Nature and characteristics of discrimination">1. Nature and characteristics of discrimination</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44738/the-system-of-apartheid.html" title="The system of apartheid">The system of apartheid</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44478/2-protests-and-action.html" title="2. Protests and action">2. Protests and action</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44495/3-the-role-and-significance-of-key-actorsgroups.html" title="3. The role and significance of key actors/groups">3. The role and significance of key actors/groups</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="5. PS4: Full source papers Case Study 1">5. PS4: Full source papers Case Study 1</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39603/2-racism-and-violence-against-african-americans-the-ku-klux-klan.html" title="2. Racism and violence against African Americans; the Ku Klux Klan;">2. Racism and violence against African Americans; the Ku Klux Klan;</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="8. PS4 Rights and Protest: Quizzes">8. PS4 Rights and Protest: Quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33553/interactive-quizzes.html" title="Interactive quizzes">Interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33554/1-civil-rights-movement-in-the-us.html" title="1. Civil Rights movement in the US">1. Civil Rights movement in the US</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33555/2-apartheid-south-africa.html" title="2. Apartheid South Africa">2. Apartheid South Africa</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="PS5: Conflict and Intervention">PS5: Conflict and Intervention</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20542/1-rwanda-19901998-atl.html" title="1. Rwanda (1990–1998) (ATL)">1. Rwanda (1990–1998) (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20543/2-kosovo-19892002-atl.html" title="2. Kosovo (1989–2002) (ATL)">2. Kosovo (1989–2002) (ATL)</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19758/paper-2.html" title="Paper 2">Paper 2</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24664/2-assessment-for-paper-2.html" title="2. Assessment for Paper 2">2. Assessment for Paper 2</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Topic 02: Causes and Effects of Medieval Wars">Topic 02: Causes and Effects of Medieval Wars</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25631/1-causes-of-medieval-wars.html" title="1. Causes of Medieval Wars">1. Causes of Medieval Wars</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25450/2-military-personnel.html" title="2. Military Personnel">2. Military Personnel</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25667/3-role-and-importance-of-rulers-in-war.html" title="3. Role and Importance of Rulers in War">3. Role and Importance of Rulers in War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25439/4-siege-warfare.html" title="4. Siege Warfare">4. Siege Warfare</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24699/5-women-in-medieval-warfare.html" title="5. Women in Medieval Warfare">5. Women in Medieval Warfare</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25680/6-the-effects-of-medieval-wars-and-conflicts.html" title="6. The Effects of Medieval Wars and Conflicts">6. The Effects of Medieval Wars and Conflicts</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25731/case-study-4-the-abbasid-civil-war-809-813.html" title="Case Study 4: The Abbasid Civil War 809-813">Case Study 4: The Abbasid Civil War 809-813</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25729/case-study-topic-02-genghis-khan.html" title="Case Study Topic 02: Genghis Khan">Case Study Topic 02: Genghis Khan</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26139/case-study-topic-02-nur-al-din-zangi-1118-1174.html" title="Case Study Topic 02: Nur al-Din Zangi (1118-1174)">Case Study Topic 02: Nur al-Din Zangi (1118-1174)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25730/case-study-topic-02-richard-i.html" title="Case Study Topic 02: Richard I">Case Study Topic 02: Richard I</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Topic 03: Dynasties and Rulers (750-1500)">Topic 03: Dynasties and Rulers (750-1500)</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25750/case-study-topic-03-tamerlane.html" title="Case Study Topic 03: Tamerlane">Case Study Topic 03: Tamerlane</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31372/topic-06-causes-and-effects-of-early-modern-wars-1500-1750.html" title="Topic 06. Causes and effects of Early Modern wars (1500-1750)">Topic 06. Causes and effects of Early Modern wars (1500-1750)</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32552/case-study-spanish-conquest-of-the-aztec-and-incan-empires.html" title="Case study: Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Incan Empires">Case study: Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Incan Empires</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32554/1-the-spanish-conquest-of-the-aztec-empire.html" title="1. The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">1. The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32641/2-the-spanish-conquest-of-the-inca-empire.html" title="2. The Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">2. The Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32807/3-conquest-of-aztec-and-inca-empires-effects.html" title="3. Conquest of Aztec and Inca Empires: Effects">3. Conquest of Aztec and Inca Empires: Effects</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32556/4-spanish-conquest-of-the-aztec-and-incan-empires-essay-planning.html" title="4. Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Incan Empires: Essay planning">4. Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Incan Empires: Essay planning</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32608/6-spanish-conquest-of-the-aztec-and-incan-empires-videos.html" title="6. Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Incan Empires: Videos">6. Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Incan Empires: Videos</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35709/case-study-the-english-civil-war.html" title="Case Study: The English Civil War">Case Study: The English Civil War</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32334/1-the-english-civil-war-causes.html" title="1. The English Civil War: Causes">1. The English Civil War: Causes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35753/2-the-english-civil-war-practices-.html" title="2. The English Civil War: Practices ">2. The English Civil War: Practices </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31381/case-study-the-thirty-years-war.html" title="Case study: The Thirty Years' War">Case study: The Thirty Years' War</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31384/1-the-thirty-years-war-causes.html" title="1. The Thirty Years' War: Causes">1. The Thirty Years' War: Causes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31388/2-the-thirty-years-war-practices.html" title="2. The Thirty Years' War: Practices">2. The Thirty Years' War: Practices</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31443/3-the-thirty-years-war-effects.html" title="3. The Thirty Years' War: Effects">3. The Thirty Years' War: Effects</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36249/topic-08-independence-movements.html" title="Topic 08: Independence Movements">Topic 08: Independence Movements</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36525/1-case-study-india.html" title="1. Case Study: India">1. Case Study: India</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36526/1-origins-and-rise-of-indian-independence-movement.html" title="1. Origins and rise of Indian independence movement">1. Origins and rise of Indian independence movement</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36539/2-methods-used-and-reasons-for-success-in-indian-independence-mo.html" title="2. Methods used and reasons for success in Indian independence movement">2. Methods used and reasons for success in Indian independence movement</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36540/3-challenges-faced-in-the-first-10-years-and-responses-to-the-ch.html" title="3. Challenges faced in the first 10 years, and responses to the challenges ">3. Challenges faced in the first 10 years, and responses to the challenges </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36559/4-indian-independence-movement-essay-planning.html" title="4. Indian independence movement: essay planning">4. Indian independence movement: essay planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36319/2-case-study-ghana.html" title="2. Case study: Ghana">2. Case study: Ghana</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36265/1-origins-and-rise-of-ghanas-independence-movement.html" title="1. Origins and rise of Ghana's independence movement">1. Origins and rise of Ghana's independence movement</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36387/2-methods-used-and-reasons-for-success.html" title="2. Methods used and reasons for success">2. Methods used and reasons for success</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36692/3-challenges-faced-in-the-first-10-years-and-responses-to-the-ch.html" title="3. Challenges faced in the first 10 years, and responses to the challenges">3. Challenges faced in the first 10 years, and responses to the challenges</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36562/4-ghanas-independence-movement-essay-planning.html" title="4. Ghana's independence movement: essay planning">4. Ghana's independence movement: essay planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37310/3-case-study-vietnam.html" title="3. Case Study: Vietnam">3. Case Study: Vietnam</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37287/1-origins-and-rise-of-vietnams-independence-movement.html" title="1. Origins and rise of Vietnam's independence movement">1. Origins and rise of Vietnam's independence movement</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37351/2-methods-used-and-reasons-for-success.html" title="2. Methods used and reasons for success">2. Methods used and reasons for success</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37993/3-challenges-faced-in-the-first-10-years-and-responses-to-the-ch.html" title="3. Challenges faced in the first 10 years and responses to the challenges">3. Challenges faced in the first 10 years and responses to the challenges</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37491/4-case-study-algeria.html" title="4. Case Study: Algeria">4. Case Study: Algeria</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37458/1-origins-and-rise-of-algerias-independence-movement.html" title="1. Origins and rise of Algeria's independence movement">1. Origins and rise of Algeria's independence movement</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37519/2-methods-used-and-reasons-for-success.html" title="2. Methods used and reasons for success">2. Methods used and reasons for success</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37537/3-challenges-faced-in-the-first-10-years-and-responses-to-the-ch.html" title="3. Challenges faced in the first 10 years and responses to the challenges">3. Challenges faced in the first 10 years and responses to the challenges</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38418/4-algerias-independence-movement-essay-writing.html" title="4. Algeria's independence movement: essay writing">4. Algeria's independence movement: essay writing</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36563/independence-movements-comparative-essay-planning.html" title="Independence Movements: Comparative essay planning">Independence Movements: Comparative essay planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19951/topic-10-authoritarian-states-20th-century.html" title="Topic 10: Authoritarian States (20th Century)">Topic 10: Authoritarian States (20th Century)</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24137/case-study-topic-10-castro-atl.html" title="Case Study Topic 10: Castro (ATL)">Case Study Topic 10: Castro (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46536/1-castro-emergence-of-cuba-as-an-authoritarian-state.html" title="1. Castro: Emergence of Cuba as an authoritarian state">1. Castro: Emergence of Cuba as an authoritarian state</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46537/2-castro-consolidation-and-maintenance-of-power.html" title="2. Castro: Consolidation and maintenance of power">2. Castro: Consolidation and maintenance of power</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46538/3-castro-aims-and-results-of-policies.html" title="3. Castro: Aims and results of policies">3. Castro: Aims and results of policies</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24144/castro-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="Castro: Essay planning for Paper 2">Castro: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46527/castro-interactive-quiz.html" title="Castro: Interactive quiz">Castro: Interactive quiz</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23352/case-study-topic-10-hitler-atl.html" title="Case Study Topic 10: Hitler (ATL)">Case Study Topic 10: Hitler (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23419/hitler-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="Hitler: Essay planning for Paper 2">Hitler: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23118/case-study-topic-10-mao-atl.html" title="Case Study Topic 10: Mao (ATL)">Case Study Topic 10: Mao (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37952/mao-quizzes-.html" title="Mao: Quizzes ">Mao: Quizzes </a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="1. Interactive quizzes">1. Interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38043/2-establishment-of-power-1949-1952.html" title="2. Establishment of power 1949 - 1952">2. Establishment of power 1949 - 1952</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38054/3-maintenance-of-power-after-1952.html" title="3. Maintenance of power after 1952">3. Maintenance of power after 1952</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38231/4-aims-and-results-of-policies.html" title="4. Aims and results of policies">4. Aims and results of policies</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24112/case-study-topic-10-mussolini-atl.html" title="Case Study Topic 10: Mussolini (ATL)">Case Study Topic 10: Mussolini (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24134/mussolini-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="Mussolini: Essay planning for Paper 2">Mussolini: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23353/case-study-topic-10-ussr-lenin-and-stalin-atl.html" title="Case Study Topic 10: USSR: Lenin and Stalin (ATL)">Case Study Topic 10: USSR: Lenin and Stalin (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23424/stalin-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="Stalin: Essay planning for Paper 2">Stalin: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35933/case-study-topic-10-nasser.html" title="Case Study: Topic 10 Nasser">Case Study: Topic 10 Nasser</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35920/1-nasser-emergence-of-authoritarian-states.html" title="1. Nasser: Emergence of Authoritarian states">1. Nasser: Emergence of Authoritarian states</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35928/2-nasser-consolidation-and-maintenance-of-power.html" title="2. Nasser: Consolidation and maintenance of power">2. Nasser: Consolidation and maintenance of power</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35929/3-nasser-aims-and-results-of-policies.html" title="3. Nasser: Aims and results of policies">3. Nasser: Aims and results of policies</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35958/nasser-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="Nasser: Essay planning for Paper 2">Nasser: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20019/comparative-essay-planning-for-authoritarian-states.html" title="Comparative essay planning for Authoritarian States">Comparative essay planning for Authoritarian States</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19952/topic-11-causes-and-effects-of-20th-century-wars.html" title="Topic 11: Causes and effects of 20th Century wars">Topic 11: Causes and effects of 20th Century wars</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20021/an-introduction-to-themes-and-prescribed-content-atl.html" title="An introduction to themes and prescribed content (ATL)">An introduction to themes and prescribed content (ATL)</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35849/case-study-algerian-war.html" title="Case study: Algerian War">Case study: Algerian War</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35126/1-algerian-war-causes.html" title="1. Algerian War: Causes">1. Algerian War: Causes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35152/2-algerian-war-practices.html" title="2. Algerian War: Practices">2. Algerian War: Practices</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35239/3-algerian-war-effects.html" title="3. Algerian War: Effects">3. Algerian War: Effects</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35241/4-algerian-war-essay-planning-for-paper-two.html" title="4. Algerian War: Essay planning for Paper Two">4. Algerian War: Essay planning for Paper Two</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23020/case-study-chinese-civil-war.html" title="Case Study: Chinese Civil War">Case Study: Chinese Civil War</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23021/1-chinese-civil-war-causes-atl-.html" title="1. Chinese Civil War: Causes (ATL) ">1. Chinese Civil War: Causes (ATL) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23058/2-chinese-civil-war-practices-atl.html" title="2. Chinese Civil War: Practices (ATL)">2. Chinese Civil War: Practices (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23301/3-chinese-civil-war-effects-atl.html" title="3. Chinese Civil War: Effects (ATL)">3. Chinese Civil War: Effects (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23060/4-chinese-civil-war-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="4. Chinese Civil War: Essay planning for Paper 2">4. Chinese Civil War: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24607/5-chinese-civil-war-videos-and-activities.html" title="5. Chinese Civil War: Videos and activities">5. Chinese Civil War: Videos and activities</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44248/6-chinese-civil-war-interactive-quizzes.html" title="6. Chinese Civil War: interactive quizzes">6. Chinese Civil War: interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44249/1-causes-of-the-chinese-civil-war.html" title="1. Causes of the Chinese Civil War">1. Causes of the Chinese Civil War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44250/2-practices-of-the-chinese-civil-war.html" title="2. Practices of the Chinese Civil War">2. Practices of the Chinese Civil War</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23567/case-study-cuban-revolution-atl.html" title="Case Study: Cuban Revolution (ATL)">Case Study: Cuban Revolution (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23584/cuban-revolution-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="Cuban Revolution: Essay planning for Paper 2">Cuban Revolution: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21820/case-study-first-world-war.html" title="Case Study: First World War">Case Study: First World War</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22812/1-first-world-war-causes-atl.html" title="1. First World War: Causes (ATL)">1. First World War: Causes (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22818/2-first-world-war-practices-atl.html" title="2. First World War: Practices (ATL)">2. First World War: Practices (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22819/3-first-world-war-effects-atl.html" title="3. First World War: Effects (ATL)">3. First World War: Effects (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21827/4-first-world-war-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="4. First World War: Essay planning for Paper 2">4. First World War: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="8. First World War: Quizzes">8. First World War: Quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20024/interactive-quizzes.html" title="Interactive quizzes">Interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43973/2-practices-of-the-first-world-war.html" title="2. Practices of the First World War">2. Practices of the First World War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43974/3-effects-of-the-first-world-war.html" title="3. Effects of the First World War">3. Effects of the First World War</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42427/case-study-gulf-war.html" title="Case Study: Gulf War">Case Study: Gulf War</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42428/1-gulf-war-long-term-causes.html" title="1. Gulf War: long-term causes">1. Gulf War: long-term causes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42434/2-gulf-war-short-term-causes.html" title="2. Gulf War: short-term causes">2. Gulf War: short-term causes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42556/3-gulf-war-practices.html" title="3. Gulf War: Practices">3. Gulf War: Practices</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42720/4-gulf-war-effects.html" title="4. Gulf War: Effects">4. Gulf War: Effects</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42750/5-gulf-war-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="5. Gulf War: Essay planning for Paper 2">5. Gulf War: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36703/case-study-russian-civil-war-atl.html" title="Case Study: Russian Civil War (ATL)">Case Study: Russian Civil War (ATL)</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22778/case-study-second-world-war.html" title="Case Study: Second World War">Case Study: Second World War</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21821/1-second-world-war-causes-part-i-atl.html" title="1. Second World War: Causes Part I (ATL)">1. Second World War: Causes Part I (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25800/2-second-world-war-causes-part-ii-asia-atl.html" title="2. Second World War - Causes Part II Asia (ATL)">2. Second World War - Causes Part II Asia (ATL)</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22767/3-second-world-war-practices-atl.html" title="3. Second World War: Practices (ATL)">3. Second World War: Practices (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42531/impact-of-the-second-world-war-on-civilians.html" title="Impact of the Second World War on civilians">Impact of the Second World War on civilians</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22893/4-second-world-war-effects-atl.html" title="4. Second World War: Effects (ATL)">4. Second World War: Effects (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22529/5-second-world-war-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="5. Second World War: Essay planning for Paper 2">5. Second World War: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="9. Second World War: Quizzes">9. Second World War: Quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28885/interactive-quizzes.html" title="Interactive quizzes">Interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28895/1-practices-of-the-second-world-war.html" title="1. Practices of the Second World War">1. Practices of the Second World War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43975/2-effects-of-the-second-world-war.html" title="2. Effects of the Second World War">2. Effects of the Second World War</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22906/case-study-spanish-civil-war.html" title="Case Study: Spanish Civil War">Case Study: Spanish Civil War</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22913/1-spanish-civil-war-causes-atl.html" title="1. Spanish Civil War: Causes (ATL)">1. Spanish Civil War: Causes (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22917/2-spanish-civil-war-practices-atl.html" title="2. Spanish Civil War: Practices (ATL)">2. Spanish Civil War: Practices (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22918/3-spanish-civil-war-effects-atl.html" title="3. Spanish Civil War: Effects (ATL)">3. Spanish Civil War: Effects (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22914/4-spanish-civil-war-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="4. Spanish Civil War: Essay planning for Paper 2">4. Spanish Civil War: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43978/7-spanish-civil-war-interactive-quizzes.html" title="7. Spanish Civil War: Interactive quizzes">7. Spanish Civil War: Interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43979/1-causes-of-the-spanish-civil-war.html" title="1. Causes of the Spanish Civil War">1. Causes of the Spanish Civil War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43980/2-practices-of-the-spanish-civil-war.html" title="2. Practices of the Spanish Civil War">2. Practices of the Spanish Civil War</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21822/case-study-vietnam-war-atl.html" title="Case Study: Vietnam War (ATL)">Case Study: Vietnam War (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22303/1-vietnam-war-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="1. Vietnam War: Essay planning for Paper 2">1. Vietnam War: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22306/causes-and-effects-of-20th-century-wars-comparative-essay-planni.html" title="Causes and effects of 20th Century wars: Comparative essay planning">Causes and effects of 20th Century wars: Comparative essay planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19953/topic-12-the-cold-war-superpower-tensions-and-rivalries.html" title="Topic 12: The Cold War: Superpower tensions and rivalries">Topic 12: The Cold War: Superpower tensions and rivalries</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20106/11-theme-1-rivalry-mistrust-and-accord-atl.html" title="1.1 Theme 1 - Rivalry, Mistrust and Accord (ATL)">1.1 Theme 1 - Rivalry, Mistrust and Accord (ATL)</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25988/12-theme-1-rivalry-mistrust-and-accord-atl.html" title="1.2 Theme 1 - Rivalry, Mistrust and Accord (ATL)">1.2 Theme 1 - Rivalry, Mistrust and Accord (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20858/1-rivalry-mistrust-and-accord-essay-writing-exercises-and-essay-.html" title="1. Rivalry, mistrust and accord: essay writing exercises and essay plans">1. Rivalry, mistrust and accord: essay writing exercises and essay plans</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20100/2-theme-2-leaders-and-nations-atl.html" title="2. Theme 2 - Leaders and Nations (ATL)">2. Theme 2 - Leaders and Nations (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29235/1-impact-of-leaders-on-the-cold-war.html" title="1. Impact of leaders on the Cold War">1. Impact of leaders on the Cold War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28184/2-nations-affected-by-cold-war-tensions-cuba-.html" title="2. Nations affected by Cold War tensions: Cuba ">2. Nations affected by Cold War tensions: Cuba </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29229/3-nations-affected-by-cold-war-tensions-egypt.html" title="3. Nations affected by Cold War tensions: Egypt">3. Nations affected by Cold War tensions: Egypt</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29341/4-nations-affected-by-cold-war-tensions-us.html" title="4. Nations affected by Cold War tensions: US">4. Nations affected by Cold War tensions: US</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29402/5-nations-affected-by-cold-war-tensions-ussr.html" title="5. Nations affected by Cold War tensions: USSR">5. Nations affected by Cold War tensions: USSR</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45523/6-nations-affected-by-cold-war-tensions-west-germany.html" title="6. Nations affected by Cold War tensions: West Germany">6. Nations affected by Cold War tensions: West Germany</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20105/leaders-and-nations-essay-writing-exercises-and-essay-frames.html" title="Leaders and nations: Essay writing exercises and essay frames">Leaders and nations: Essay writing exercises and essay frames</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20101/3-theme-3-cold-war-crises.html" title="3. Theme 3 - Cold War Crises">3. Theme 3 - Cold War Crises</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41393/1-the-berlin-blockade-1948-.html" title="1. The Berlin Blockade 1948 ">1. The Berlin Blockade 1948 </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41394/2-the-berlin-crisis-1958-to-1961.html" title="2. The Berlin Crisis 1958 to 1961">2. The Berlin Crisis 1958 to 1961</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41395/3-the-cuban-missile-crisis-.html" title="3. The Cuban Missile Crisis ">3. The Cuban Missile Crisis </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41637/4-the-korean-war-1950.html" title="4. The Korean War 1950">4. The Korean War 1950</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41636/5-the-prague-spring-1968.html" title="5. The Prague Spring, 1968">5. The Prague Spring, 1968</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20103/cold-war-crises-essay-writing-exercises-and-essay-plans.html" title="Cold War crises: Essay writing exercises and essay plans">Cold War crises: Essay writing exercises and essay plans</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41413/cold-war-crises-review.html" title="Cold War Crises: Review">Cold War Crises: Review</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="7. The Cold War: Quizzes">7. The Cold War: Quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24498/2-interactive-quizzes.html" title="2. Interactive quizzes">2. Interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../../task/334034.html" title="1. Origins of the Cold War (M/C)">1. Origins of the Cold War (M/C)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38877/1-origins-of-the-cold-war-short-answers.html" title="1. Origins of the Cold War (short answers)">1. Origins of the Cold War (short answers)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38401/4-cold-war-crises-the-cuban-missile-crisis.html" title="4. Cold War Crises: The Cuban Missile Crisis">4. Cold War Crises: The Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li></ul></ul></ul></ul><li class="ancestor parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a class="" href="../19920/paper-3.html" title="Paper 3">Paper 3</a></li><ul class="level-1 expanded"><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24669/2-assessment-for-paper-3.html" title="2. Assessment for Paper 3">2. Assessment for Paper 3</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25629/option-1-africa-and-the-middle-east.html" title="Option 1: Africa and the Middle East">Option 1: Africa and the Middle East</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25715/topic-02-the-fatimids-909-1171.html" title="Topic 02: The Fatimids - 909-1171">Topic 02: The Fatimids - 909-1171</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25654/1-case-study-1-al-muizz-li-din-allah.html" title="1. Case Study 1: al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah">1. Case Study 1: al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25662/2-case-study-2-al-hakim-bi-amr-allah.html" title="2. Case Study 2: al-Hakim bi-amr Allah">2. Case Study 2: al-Hakim bi-amr Allah</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25701/fatimid-resources.html" title="Fatimid Resources">Fatimid Resources</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25725/topic-03-the-crusades-1095-1291.html" title="Topic 03: The Crusades - 1095-1291">Topic 03: The Crusades - 1095-1291</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25871/1-causes-of-the-crusades-atl-.html" title="1. Causes of the Crusades (ATL) ">1. Causes of the Crusades (ATL) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25889/2-holy-war-and-jihad-atl.html" title="2. Holy War and Jihad (ATL)">2. Holy War and Jihad (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25888/3-pilgrimage-preaching-and-the-crusade-atl.html" title="3. Pilgrimage, Preaching and the Crusade (ATL)">3. Pilgrimage, Preaching and the Crusade (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25895/4-the-first-crusade-atl-.html" title="4. The First Crusade (ATL) ">4. The First Crusade (ATL) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25986/5-the-second-crusade-atl.html" title="5. The Second Crusade (ATL)">5. The Second Crusade (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26008/6-the-fourth-crusade-atl.html" title="6. The Fourth Crusade (ATL)">6. The Fourth Crusade (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25936/7-impact-of-the-crusades-atl-.html" title="7. Impact of the Crusades (ATL) ">7. Impact of the Crusades (ATL) </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42822/topic-12-the-ottoman-empire-c18001923.html" title="Topic 12: The Ottoman Empire (c1800–1923)">Topic 12: The Ottoman Empire (c1800–1923)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42823/1-challenges-to-ottoman-power-in-the-early-19th-century.html" title="1. Challenges to Ottoman Power in the early 19th Century">1. Challenges to Ottoman Power in the early 19th Century</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42848/2-the-eastern-question-and-crimean-war.html" title="2. The Eastern Question and Crimean War">2. The Eastern Question and Crimean War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42957/3-the-decline-of-ottoman-power-in-the-middle-east-and-north-afri.html" title="3. The Decline of Ottoman Power in the Middle East and North Africa ">3. The Decline of Ottoman Power in the Middle East and North Africa </a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="4. Reform of the Ottoman government">4. Reform of the Ottoman government</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43167/1-reforms-of-sultan-selim-iii-and-sultan-mahmud-ii.html" title="1. Reforms of Sultan Selim III and Sultan Mahmud II">1. Reforms of Sultan Selim III and Sultan Mahmud II</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43168/2-the-tanzimat-reforms.html" title="2. The Tanzimat reforms">2. The Tanzimat reforms</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43169/3-impact-of-tanzimat-reforms.html" title="3. Impact of Tanzimat reforms">3. Impact of Tanzimat reforms</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43221/4-historical-pespectives-on-the-tanzimat.html" title="4. Historical pespectives on the Tanzimat">4. Historical pespectives on the Tanzimat</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43236/5-the-young-turk-revolution.html" title="5. The Young Turk Revolution">5. The Young Turk Revolution</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43252/6-the-balkan-wars-1912-1913.html" title="6. The Balkan Wars 1912 - 1913">6. The Balkan Wars 1912 - 1913</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43325/7-ottoman-empire-and-first-world-war.html" title="7. Ottoman Empire and First World War">7. Ottoman Empire and First World War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43632/8-the-impact-of-the-first-world-war-up-to-1923.html" title="8. The impact of the First World War up to 1923">8. The impact of the First World War up to 1923</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43692/9b-ottoman-empire-essay-planning.html" title="9b. Ottoman Empire: Essay planning">9b. Ottoman Empire: Essay planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44555/topic-15-developments-in-south-africa-1880-1994.html" title="Topic 15. Developments in South Africa, 1880 - 1994">Topic 15. Developments in South Africa, 1880 - 1994</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45435/1-the-boers-british-and-discovery-of-minerals-.html" title="1. The Boers, British and discovery of minerals ">1. The Boers, British and discovery of minerals </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45576/2-causes-of-the-south-african-war-18991902-.html" title="2. Causes of the South African War (1899–1902) ">2. Causes of the South African War (1899–1902) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45591/3-course-and-results-of-the-south-african-war.html" title="3. Course and results of the South African War">3. Course and results of the South African War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44362/4-policies-of-smuts-and-hertzog-19101948.html" title="4. Policies of Smuts and Hertzog (1910–1948)">4. Policies of Smuts and Hertzog (1910–1948)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44652/4a-the-national-party-policies-1948-1966.html" title="4a. The National Party: policies 1948 - 1966">4a. The National Party: policies 1948 - 1966</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44792/5-the-national-party-policies-1966-to-1980.html" title="5. The National Party: policies 1966 to 1980">5. The National Party: policies 1966 to 1980</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44790/6-resistance-to-apartheid-in-the-50s-and-60s.html" title="6. Resistance to apartheid in the 50s and 60s">6. Resistance to apartheid in the 50s and 60s</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44791/7-resistance-in-the-1970s.html" title="7. Resistance in the 1970s">7. Resistance in the 1970s</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44802/8-international-opposition-to-apartheid.html" title="8. International opposition to apartheid">8. International opposition to apartheid</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44911/9-the-end-of-apartheid-.html" title="9. The end of apartheid ">9. The end of apartheid </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45640/developments-in-south-africa-essay-planning.html" title="Developments in South Africa: Essay planning">Developments in South Africa: Essay planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28327/topic-17-post-war-developments-in-the-middle-east-19452000.html" title="Topic 17: Post-war developments in the Middle East (1945–2000)">Topic 17: Post-war developments in the Middle East (1945–2000)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28347/1-origins-of-the-state-of-israel.html" title="1. Origins of the state of Israel">1. Origins of the state of Israel</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29036/2-arab-israeli-conflicts-1956-to-1973.html" title="2. Arab-Israeli conflicts, 1956 to 1973">2. Arab-Israeli conflicts, 1956 to 1973</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32361/3-the-plo-and-attempts-at-peacemaking.html" title="3. The PLO and attempts at peacemaking.">3. The PLO and attempts at peacemaking.</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32043/4-post-war-egypt.html" title="4. Post-war Egypt">4. Post-war Egypt</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31740/6-post-war-iran.html" title="6. Post-war Iran">6. Post-war Iran</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31574/7-lebanons-civil-war.html" title="7. Lebanon's Civil War">7. Lebanon's Civil War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31994/post-war-developments-in-the-middle-east-essay-planning.html" title="Post-war developments in the Middle East: Essay planning">Post-war developments in the Middle East: Essay planning</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28372/post-war-developments-in-the-middle-east-videos.html" title="Post-war developments in the Middle East: videos">Post-war developments in the Middle East: videos</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Option 2: History of the Americas">Option 2: History of the Americas</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38828/topic-05-slavery-and-the-new-world-15001800.html" title="Topic 05: Slavery and the New World (1500–1800)">Topic 05: Slavery and the New World (1500–1800)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38525/1-origins-of-the-transatlantic-slave-trade.html" title="1. Origins of the transatlantic slave trade">1. Origins of the transatlantic slave trade</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38847/2-the-middle-passage.html" title="2. The Middle Passage">2. The Middle Passage</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38879/3-life-on-the-plantations-.html" title="3. Life on the plantations ">3. Life on the plantations </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38926/4-slave-resistance-and-slave-rebellions-in-british-america.html" title="4. Slave resistance and slave rebellions in British America">4. Slave resistance and slave rebellions in British America</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39250/5-opposition-to-the-slave-trade-and-slavery.html" title="5. Opposition to the slave trade and slavery">5. Opposition to the slave trade and slavery</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39315/6-economic-and-social-impact-of-slavery.html" title="6. Economic and social impact of slavery">6. Economic and social impact of slavery</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39434/7-slavery-essay-frames-and-writing-exercises.html" title="7. Slavery: Essay frames and writing exercises">7. Slavery: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27264/topic-08-united-states-civil-war-causes-course-and-effects-1840-.html" title="Topic 08: United States' Civil War: Causes, course and effects (1840-1877)">Topic 08: United States' Civil War: Causes, course and effects (1840-1877)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27273/1-slavery.html" title="1. Slavery">1. Slavery</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27915/2-origins-of-the-civil-war.html" title="2. Origins of the Civil War">2. Origins of the Civil War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28819/3-westward-expansion-and-the-crises-of-the-1850s.html" title="3. Westward expansion and the crises of the 1850s">3. Westward expansion and the crises of the 1850s</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28878/4-how-the-civil-war-was-fought.html" title="4. How the Civil War was fought">4. How the Civil War was fought</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31057/5-factors-affecting-the-outcome-of-the-civil-war.html" title="5. Factors affecting the outcome of the Civil War">5. Factors affecting the outcome of the Civil War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31101/6-how-successful-was-reconstruction.html" title="6. How successful was Reconstruction?">6. How successful was Reconstruction?</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31156/us-civil-war-essay-planning-activities.html" title="US Civil War: Essay planning activities">US Civil War: Essay planning activities</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38860/topic-10-emergence-of-the-americas-in-global-affairs-18801929.html" title="Topic 10: Emergence of the Americas in global affairs (1880–1929)">Topic 10: Emergence of the Americas in global affairs (1880–1929)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39153/1-united-states-expansionist-foreign-policies.html" title="1. United States’ expansionist foreign policies">1. United States’ expansionist foreign policies</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39402/2-spanishamerican-war-1898-causes-and-effects-.html" title="2. Spanish–American War (1898): causes and effects ">2. Spanish–American War (1898): causes and effects </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39549/3-impact-of-united-states-foreign-policies-big-stick-dollar-dipl.html" title="3. Impact of United States’ foreign policies: Big Stick; Dollar Diplomacy; moral diplomacy">3. Impact of United States’ foreign policies: Big Stick; Dollar Diplomacy; moral diplomacy</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38889/4-united-states-and-the-first-world-war-from-neutrality-to-invol.html" title="4. United States and the First World War: from neutrality to involvement">4. United States and the First World War: from neutrality to involvement</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38963/5-wilsons-peace-ideals-.html" title="5. Wilson’s peace ideals ">5. Wilson’s peace ideals </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39020/6-significance-of-first-world-war-for-the-us-hemispheric-status-.html" title="6. Significance of First World War for the US' hemispheric status ">6. Significance of First World War for the US' hemispheric status </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../40268/7-involvement-of-canada-in-the-first-world-war.html" title="7. Involvement of Canada in the First World War">7. Involvement of Canada in the First World War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../40269/9-involvement-of-brazil-in-the-first-world-war.html" title="9. Involvement of Brazil in the First World War">9. Involvement of Brazil in the First World War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../40145/9a-impact-of-the-first-world-war-on-brazil.html" title="9a. Impact of the First World War on Brazil">9a. Impact of the First World War on Brazil</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../40942/9b-impact-of-the-first-world-war-on-canada.html" title="9b Impact of the First World War on Canada">9b Impact of the First World War on Canada</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../40273/emergence-of-the-americas-essay-planning.html" title="Emergence of the Americas: Essay planning">Emergence of the Americas: Essay planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43311/topic-11-the-mexican-revolution.html" title="Topic 11: The Mexican Revolution">Topic 11: The Mexican Revolution</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43181/1-the-rule-of-porfirio-diaz-and-causes-of-revolution.html" title="1. The rule of Porfirio Diaz and causes of revolution">1. The rule of Porfirio Diaz and causes of revolution</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43228/2-mexican-revolution-leaders.html" title="2. Mexican Revolution - leaders">2. Mexican Revolution - leaders</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43235/3-mexico-post-revolutionary-state-19201940-.html" title="3. Mexico: post-revolutionary state (1920–1940) ">3. Mexico: post-revolutionary state (1920–1940) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43237/4-mexican-revolution-women-culture.html" title="4. Mexican Revolution: Women & culture">4. Mexican Revolution: Women & culture</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43248/5-mexican-revolution-essay-planning.html" title="5. Mexican Revolution: Essay planning">5. Mexican Revolution: Essay planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26012/topic-12-the-great-depression-and-the-americas.html" title="Topic 12: The Great Depression and the Americas">Topic 12: The Great Depression and the Americas</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45972/1-the-great-depression-in-the-us.html" title="1. The Great Depression in the US">1. The Great Depression in the US</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26013/a-the-us-economy-in-the-1920s.html" title="a. The US economy in the 1920s">a. The US economy in the 1920s</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45971/b-why-did-wall-street-crash.html" title="b. Why did Wall Street crash?">b. Why did Wall Street crash?</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45973/c-why-did-the-crash-cause-a-depression.html" title="c. Why did the Crash cause a depression?">c. Why did the Crash cause a depression?</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26252/d-hoovers-response-to-the-depression.html" title="d. Hoover's response to the Depression">d. Hoover's response to the Depression</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46028/e-roosevelt-and-the-new-deal.html" title="e. Roosevelt and the New Deal">e. Roosevelt and the New Deal</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26262/f-political-economic-and-social-impact-of-the-depression.html" title="f. Political, economic and social impact of the Depression">f. Political, economic and social impact of the Depression</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26111/2-the-great-depression-in-canada.html" title="2. The Great Depression in Canada">2. The Great Depression in Canada</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26173/3-the-impact-of-the-depression-on-brazil.html" title="3. The impact of the Depression on Brazil">3. The impact of the Depression on Brazil</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26189/7-the-great-depression-and-the-americas-essay-planning.html" title="7. The Great Depression and the Americas: essay planning">7. The Great Depression and the Americas: essay planning</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46348/9-the-great-depression-and-the-americas-quizzes.html" title="9. The Great Depression and the Americas: Quizzes">9. The Great Depression and the Americas: Quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46349/a-causes-of-the-depression-in-the-us.html" title="a. Causes of the Depression in the US">a. Causes of the Depression in the US</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46378/b-the-new-deal.html" title="b. The New Deal">b. The New Deal</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25753/topic-13-the-second-world-war-and-the-americas-19331945.html" title="Topic 13: The Second World War and the Americas (1933–1945)">Topic 13: The Second World War and the Americas (1933–1945)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25754/1-reactions-to-events-in-europe-and-asia-1933-1941.html" title="1. Reactions to events in Europe and Asia, 1933 - 1941">1. Reactions to events in Europe and Asia, 1933 - 1941</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25810/2-involvement-and-participation-of-the-us-and-canada.html" title="2. Involvement and participation of the US and Canada">2. Involvement and participation of the US and Canada</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25841/3-social-impact-of-the-second-world-war.html" title="3. Social impact of the Second World War">3. Social impact of the Second World War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25811/4-the-use-of-atomic-weapons-against-japan.html" title="4. The use of Atomic weapons against Japan">4. The use of Atomic weapons against Japan</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25847/5-economic-and-diplomatic-effects-of-the-second-world-war.html" title="5. Economic and diplomatic effects of the Second World War">5. Economic and diplomatic effects of the Second World War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26040/6-treatment-of-japanese-citizens-in-the-americas.html" title="6. Treatment of Japanese citizens in the Americas">6. Treatment of Japanese citizens in the Americas</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25814/8-the-second-world-war-and-the-americas-essay-frames-and-writing.html" title="8. The Second World War and the Americas: Essay frames and writing exercises">8. The Second World War and the Americas: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24072/topic-14-political-developments-in-latin-america-19451980.html" title="Topic 14: Political developments in Latin America (1945–1980)">Topic 14: Political developments in Latin America (1945–1980)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35116/1-the-cuban-revolution.html" title="1. The Cuban Revolution">1. The Cuban Revolution</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35117/2-rule-of-fidel-castro.html" title="2. Rule of Fidel Castro">2. Rule of Fidel Castro</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28320/3-liberation-theology-in-latin-america.html" title="3. Liberation Theology in Latin America">3. Liberation Theology in Latin America</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29264/4-populist-leader-getulio-vargas.html" title="4. Populist leader: Getúlio Vargas">4. Populist leader: Getúlio Vargas</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29088/5-populist-leader-juan-peron.html" title="5. Populist leader: Juan Perón">5. Populist leader: Juan Perón</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29283/6-the-rise-of-military-dictatorships.html" title="6. The rise of military dictatorships">6. The rise of military dictatorships</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29278/political-developments-in-latin-america-essay-planning.html" title="Political developments in Latin America: Essay planning">Political developments in Latin America: Essay planning</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46531/political-developments-in-latin-america-quizzes.html" title="Political developments in Latin America: quizzes">Political developments in Latin America: quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46532/the-cuban-revolution-and-rule-of-fidel-castro.html" title="The Cuban Revolution and rule of Fidel Castro">The Cuban Revolution and rule of Fidel Castro</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Topic 16: The Cold War and the Americas (1945–1981)">Topic 16: The Cold War and the Americas (1945–1981)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24080/1-containment-under-truman-and-eisenhower-atl.html" title="1. Containment under Truman and Eisenhower (ATL)">1. Containment under Truman and Eisenhower (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24085/2-american-policy-in-vietnam-atl.html" title="2. American policy in Vietnam (ATL)">2. American policy in Vietnam (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24084/3-us-foreign-policy-kennedy-to-carter-atl.html" title="3. US Foreign policy - Kennedy to Carter (ATL)">3. US Foreign policy - Kennedy to Carter (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24107/4-the-cold-war-and-the-americas-essay-frames-and-writing-exercis.html" title="4. The Cold War and the Americas: Essay frames and writing exercises">4. The Cold War and the Americas: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24881/topic-17-civil-rights-and-social-movements-in-the-americas-post-.html" title="Topic 17: Civil rights and social movements in the Americas post-1945">Topic 17: Civil rights and social movements in the Americas post-1945</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24882/1-indigenous-peoples-and-civil-rights-in-america-atl.html" title="1. Indigenous peoples and civil rights in America (ATL)">1. Indigenous peoples and civil rights in America (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24883/2-african-americans-and-the-fight-for-civil-rights-atl.html" title="2. African Americans and the fight for civil rights (ATL)">2. African Americans and the fight for civil rights (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25187/3-feminist-movements-in-the-us.html" title="3. Feminist movements in the US">3. Feminist movements in the US</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45788/3b-feminist-movements-in-canada.html" title="3b. Feminist movements in Canada">3b. Feminist movements in Canada</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24976/4-hispanic-movement-in-the-us-atl.html" title="4. Hispanic Movement in the US (ATL)">4. Hispanic Movement in the US (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25409/5-counter-culture-in-the-us.html" title="5. Counter-culture in the US">5. Counter-culture in the US</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25266/6-civil-rights-and-social-movements-essay-frames-and-writing-exe.html" title="6. Civil Rights and social movements: Essay frames and writing exercises">6. Civil Rights and social movements: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li></ul></ul><li class="ancestor parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Option 3: History of Asia and Oceania">Option 3: History of Asia and Oceania</a></li><ul class="level-2 expanded"><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31362/topic-07-challenges-to-traditional-east-asian-societies-1700-186.html" title="Topic 07. Challenges to traditional East Asian societies (1700 - 1868)">Topic 07. Challenges to traditional East Asian societies (1700 - 1868)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31315/1-the-nature-and-structure-of-imperial-rule-under-the-qing-dynas.html" title="1. The nature and structure of imperial rule under the Qing dynasty; Qianlong">1. The nature and structure of imperial rule under the Qing dynasty; Qianlong</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31715/2-the-chinese-tribute-system-and-western-trade-missions.html" title="2. The Chinese tribute system and western trade missions">2. The Chinese tribute system and western trade missions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31726/3-first-and-second-opium-wars.html" title="3. First and Second Opium Wars">3. First and Second Opium Wars</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32516/4-taiping-rebellion.html" title="4. Taiping Rebellion">4. Taiping Rebellion</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32354/5-the-tokugawa-shogunates-rule-in-japan.html" title="5. The Tokugawa Shogunate's rule in Japan">5. The Tokugawa Shogunate's rule in Japan</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32569/6-the-fall-of-the-tokugawa-shogunate-1853-to-1868.html" title="6. The fall of the Tokugawa Shogunate, 1853 to 1868">6. The fall of the Tokugawa Shogunate, 1853 to 1868</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31739/7-challenges-to-east-asian-societies-essay-planning.html" title="7. Challenges to East Asian societies: Essay planning">7. Challenges to East Asian societies: Essay planning</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32573/challenges-to-east-asian-societies-extra-resources.html" title="Challenges to East Asian Societies: Extra Resources">Challenges to East Asian Societies: Extra Resources</a></li></ul><li class="ancestor parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a class="" href="../28521/topic-10-nationalism-and-independence-in-india-19191964.html" title="Topic 10: Nationalism and independence in India (1919–1964">Topic 10: Nationalism and independence in India (1919–1964</a></li><ul class="level-3 expanded"><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28278/1-the-impact-of-the-first-world-war-on-india.html" title="1. The impact of the First World War on India">1. The impact of the First World War on India</a></li><li class="current" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="2-the-inter-war-years-growing-pressure-on-britain.html" title="2. The inter-war years: growing pressure on Britain">2. The inter-war years: growing pressure on Britain</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28509/3-growth-of-muslim-separatism.html" title="3. Growth of Muslim separatism">3. Growth of Muslim separatism</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28665/4-the-impact-of-the-second-world-war-on-india.html" title="4. The impact of the Second World War on India">4. The impact of the Second World War on India</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28778/5-post-independence-india-1947-1964.html" title="5. Post independence India 1947 - 1964">5. Post independence India 1947 - 1964</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28692/6-nationalism-and-independence-in-india-essay-planning.html" title="6. Nationalism and Independence in India: Essay planning">6. Nationalism and Independence in India: Essay planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27359/topic-11-japan-1912-to-1990.html" title="Topic 11: Japan 1912 to 1990">Topic 11: Japan 1912 to 1990</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27360/1-the-impact-of-the-first-world-war-on-japan.html" title="1. The impact of the First World War on Japan">1. The impact of the First World War on Japan</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27210/2-taisho-democracy.html" title="2. Taisho Democracy">2. Taisho Democracy</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27326/3-the-growth-of-militarism-and-nationalism-in-japan.html" title="3. The growth of militarism and nationalism in Japan">3. The growth of militarism and nationalism in Japan</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27412/4-japans-foreign-policy-1931-to-1945.html" title="4. Japan's foreign policy 1931 to 1945">4. Japan's foreign policy 1931 to 1945</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27681/5-the-us-occupation-1945-to-1952.html" title="5. The US Occupation 1945 to 1952">5. The US Occupation 1945 to 1952</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28007/6-economic-miracle-and-its-impact-on-japan.html" title="6. Economic miracle and its impact on Japan">6. Economic miracle and its impact on Japan</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27583/7-japan-1912-to-1990-essay-frames-and-writing-exercises.html" title="7. Japan 1912 to 1990: Essay frames and writing exercises">7. Japan 1912 to 1990: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="9b. Japan 1920 - 1990: interactive quizzes">9b. Japan 1920 - 1990: interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44023/1-japans-foreign-policy-1931-1945.html" title="1. Japan's foreign policy 1931 - 1945">1. Japan's foreign policy 1931 - 1945</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26494/topic-12-china-and-korea-1910-1950.html" title="Topic 12: China and Korea (1910 - 1950)">Topic 12: China and Korea (1910 - 1950)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26495/1-rise-of-national-identity-in-china-atl.html" title="1. Rise of national identity in China (ATL)">1. Rise of national identity in China (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26562/2-the-nanjing-decade-1927-1937.html" title="2. The Nanjing decade (1927 - 1937)">2. The Nanjing decade (1927 - 1937)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26709/3-rise-of-communism-in-china-atl.html" title="3. Rise of Communism in China (ATL)">3. Rise of Communism in China (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26801/4-china-at-war-1931-to-1949-atl.html" title="4. China at war 1931 to 1949 (ATL)">4. China at war 1931 to 1949 (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26596/5-korea-1910-1950-atl.html" title="5. Korea 1910 - 1950: ATL">5. Korea 1910 - 1950: ATL</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27124/6-taiwan-and-the-republic-of-china.html" title="6. Taiwan and the Republic of China">6. Taiwan and the Republic of China</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26618/china-and-korea-1910-1950-extra-resources.html" title="China and Korea (1910 - 1950) Extra Resources">China and Korea (1910 - 1950) Extra Resources</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26592/china-and-korea-1910-1950-essay-frames-and-writing-exercises.html" title="China and Korea (1910 - 1950): Essay frames and writing exercises">China and Korea (1910 - 1950): Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26557/china-and-korea-1910-1950-videos.html" title="China and Korea (1910 - 1950): videos">China and Korea (1910 - 1950): videos</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23218/topic-14-the-peoples-republic-of-china-1949-2005.html" title="Topic 14: The People's Republic of China (1949 - 2005)">Topic 14: The People's Republic of China (1949 - 2005)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23270/1-maos-consolidation-of-power-and-rule-1949-1976-atl.html" title="1. Mao's consolidation of power and rule (1949 - 1976) (ATL)">1. Mao's consolidation of power and rule (1949 - 1976) (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23271/2-chinas-foreign-policy-1949-1976-atl.html" title="2. China's foreign policy (1949 - 1976) (ATL)">2. China's foreign policy (1949 - 1976) (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23272/3-economic-and-political-developments-under-deng-xiaoping.html" title="3. Economic and political developments under Deng Xiaoping">3. Economic and political developments under Deng Xiaoping</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45780/4-developments-in-china-1990-2005.html" title="4. Developments in China 1990 - 2005">4. Developments in China 1990 - 2005</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23313/4-the-peoples-republic-of-china-essay-frames-and-writing-exercis.html" title="4. The People's Republic of China: Essay frames and writing exercises">4. The People's Republic of China: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Topic 15: Cold War conflicts in Asia">Topic 15: Cold War conflicts in Asia</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25338/1-the-korean-war-and-its-impact-atl.html" title="1. The Korean War and its impact (ATL)">1. The Korean War and its impact (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25416/2-the-malayan-emergency-atl.html" title="2. The Malayan Emergency (ATL)">2. The Malayan Emergency (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25392/3-the-vietnam-conflict-atl.html" title="3. The Vietnam conflict (ATL)">3. The Vietnam conflict (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25622/4-cambodia-atl.html" title="4. Cambodia (ATL)">4. Cambodia (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25447/5-afghanistan-1979-1992-atl.html" title="5. Afghanistan (1979 - 1992) (ATL)">5. Afghanistan (1979 - 1992) (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25457/7-cold-war-conflicts-in-asia-essay-writing-frames-and-exercises.html" title="7. Cold War Conflicts in Asia: Essay writing frames and exercises">7. Cold War Conflicts in Asia: Essay writing frames and exercises</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19956/option-4-history-of-europe.html" title="Option 4: History of Europe">Option 4: History of Europe</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20828/-8-the-french-revolution-and-napoleon-i-17741815.html" title=" 8: The French Revolution and Napoleon I (1774–1815)"> 8: The French Revolution and Napoleon I (1774–1815)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20834/1-crisis-of-the-ancien-regime-atl.html" title="1. Crisis of the Ancien Régime (ATL)">1. Crisis of the Ancien Régime (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21682/2-the-establishment-of-a-consitutional-monarchy-1789-1791-.html" title="2. The establishment of a consitutional monarchy (1789 - 1791) ">2. The establishment of a consitutional monarchy (1789 - 1791) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27937/3-the-establishment-of-a-republic-and-the-terror-1791-1794.html" title="3. The establishment of a Republic and the Terror, 1791 - 1794">3. The establishment of a Republic and the Terror, 1791 - 1794</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21686/4-the-thermidorian-reaction-and-the-directory-17951799.html" title="4. The Thermidorian Reaction and the Directory (1795–1799)">4. The Thermidorian Reaction and the Directory (1795–1799)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22340/5-the-rise-and-rule-of-napoleon-1799-1814-atl.html" title="5. The rise and rule of Napoleon (1799 - 1814) (ATL)">5. The rise and rule of Napoleon (1799 - 1814) (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22802/6-french-revolution-and-napoleon-essay-frames-and-writing-exerci.html" title="6. French Revolution and Napoleon: Essay frames and writing exercises">6. French Revolution and Napoleon: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46550/11-italy-18151871-and-germany-18151890.html" title="11. Italy (1815–1871) and Germany (1815–1890">11. Italy (1815–1871) and Germany (1815–1890</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46551/1-italian-unification.html" title="1. Italian Unification">1. Italian Unification</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46544/a-italy-1815-1847.html" title="a. Italy 1815 - 1847">a. Italy 1815 - 1847</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46615/b-the-revolutions-of-1848-49.html" title="b. The Revolutions of 1848 - 49">b. The Revolutions of 1848 - 49</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46649/c-cavours-actions-1848-1860.html" title="c. Cavour's actions 1848 - 1860">c. Cavour's actions 1848 - 1860</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46721/d-garibaldi-and-unification-after-1860.html" title="d. Garibaldi and unification after 1860">d. Garibaldi and unification after 1860</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22466/12-imperial-russia-revolution-and-the-establishment-of-the-sovie.html" title="12: Imperial Russia, revolution and the establishment of the Soviet Union">12: Imperial Russia, revolution and the establishment of the Soviet Union</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22558/1-imperial-russia-reform-and-reaction-1855-1894-atl.html" title="1. Imperial Russia, reform and reaction (1855 - 1894) (ATL)">1. Imperial Russia, reform and reaction (1855 - 1894) (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22559/2-imperial-russia-the-last-years-of-autocracy-1894-1914-atl.html" title="2. Imperial Russia: The last years of autocracy (1894 - 1914) (ATL)">2. Imperial Russia: The last years of autocracy (1894 - 1914) (ATL)</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22696/3-the-revolutions-of-1917-atl.html" title="3. The revolutions of 1917 (ATL)">3. The revolutions of 1917 (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46736/3b-the-bolshevik-revolution-of-1917.html" title="3b. The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917">3b. The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22717/4-the-bolshevik-consolidation-of-power-1918-1924-atl.html" title="4. The Bolshevik consolidation of power (1918 - 1924) (ATL)">4. The Bolshevik consolidation of power (1918 - 1924) (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22578/5-imperial-russia-revolution-and-the-establishment-of-the-soviet.html" title="5. Imperial Russia, revolution and the establishment of the Soviet Union: Essay frames and writing exercises">5. Imperial Russia, revolution and the establishment of the Soviet Union: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="9. Imperial Russia, revolution and the establishment of the Soviet Union: Quizzes">9. Imperial Russia, revolution and the establishment of the Soviet Union: Quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28004/interactive-quizzes.html" title="Interactive quizzes">Interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28433/1-russia-1855-to-1917.html" title="1. Russia 1855 to 1917">1. Russia 1855 to 1917</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28005/2-russia-1917-1924.html" title="2. Russia 1917 -1924">2. Russia 1917 -1924</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22166/13-europe-and-the-first-world-war.html" title="13: Europe and the First World War">13: Europe and the First World War</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34290/1-changing-alliances-in-europe-1871-to-1907.html" title="1. Changing alliances in Europe 1871 to 1907">1. Changing alliances in Europe 1871 to 1907</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34348/2-why-did-war-break-out-in-1914.html" title="2. Why did war break out in 1914?">2. Why did war break out in 1914?</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34369/3-impact-of-war-and-the-reasons-for-allied-victory.html" title="3. Impact of war and the reasons for Allied victory">3. Impact of war and the reasons for Allied victory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22188/4-europe-and-the-first-world-war-essay-frames-and-writing-exerci.html" title="4. Europe and the First World War: Essay frames and writing exercises">4. Europe and the First World War: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="6. Europe and the First World War: Quizzes">6. Europe and the First World War: Quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43982/interactive-quizzes.html" title="Interactive quizzes">Interactive quizzes</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22520/15-diplomacy-in-europe-19191945.html" title="15: Diplomacy in Europe (1919–1945)">15: Diplomacy in Europe (1919–1945)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41037/1-the-versailles-peace-treaty.html" title="1. The Versailles Peace Treaty">1. The Versailles Peace Treaty</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41038/2-other-treaties-in-the-versailles-settlement.html" title="2. Other Treaties in the Versailles Settlement">2. Other Treaties in the Versailles Settlement</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41047/3-the-league-of-nations-and-europe-in-the-1920s.html" title="3. The League of Nations and Europe in the 1920s">3. The League of Nations and Europe in the 1920s</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41063/4-italian-and-german-foreign-policies-19191941.html" title="4. Italian and German foreign policies (1919–1941)">4. Italian and German foreign policies (1919–1941)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41064/5-collective-security-in-the-1920s-and-1930s.html" title="5. Collective security in the 1920s and 1930s">5. Collective security in the 1920s and 1930s</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41067/6-the-policy-of-appeasement.html" title="6. The policy of Appeasement">6. The policy of Appeasement</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41068/7-events-in-europe-up-to-1941.html" title="7. Events in Europe up to 1941">7. Events in Europe up to 1941</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41069/8-the-wartime-alliance-1941-to-1945.html" title="8: The Wartime Alliance 1941 to 1945">8: The Wartime Alliance 1941 to 1945</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22521/9-diplomacy-in-europe-essay-frames-and-writing-exercises.html" title="9. Diplomacy in Europe: Essay frames and writing exercises">9. Diplomacy in Europe: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="9c. Diplomacy in Europe: Quizzes ">9c. Diplomacy in Europe: Quizzes </a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36574/2-interactive-quizzes.html" title="2. Interactive quizzes">2. Interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36570/versailles-peace-settlement.html" title="Versailles Peace Settlement">Versailles Peace Settlement</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30012/18-post-war-central-and-eastern-europe-1945-2000.html" title="18: Post-war central and eastern Europe (1945-2000)">18: Post-war central and eastern Europe (1945-2000)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30184/1-soviet-motives-for-taking-control-in-central-and-eastern-europ.html" title="1. Soviet motives for taking control in central and eastern Europe 1945 - 1955">1. Soviet motives for taking control in central and eastern Europe 1945 - 1955</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30227/2-the-extent-and-nature-of-soviet-control.html" title="2. The extent and nature of Soviet control">2. The extent and nature of Soviet control</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29807/3-support-and-cooperation-repression-and-protest-1945-1968.html" title="3. Support and cooperation, repression and protest (1945 - 1968)">3. Support and cooperation, repression and protest (1945 - 1968)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30775/4-repression-and-revolution-in-central-and-eastern-europe-1968-t.html" title="4. Repression and revolution in central and eastern Europe, 1968 to 1989">4. Repression and revolution in central and eastern Europe, 1968 to 1989</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31212/5-balkan-conflicts-in-the-1990s-part-1.html" title="5. Balkan conflicts in the 1990s: Part 1">5. Balkan conflicts in the 1990s: Part 1</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31269/6-balkan-conflicts-in-the-1990s-part-2.html" title="6. Balkan conflicts in the 1990s: Part 2">6. Balkan conflicts in the 1990s: Part 2</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30771/post-war-central-and-eastern-europe-essay-planning.html" title="Post war central and eastern Europe: essay planning">Post war central and eastern Europe: essay planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20827/14-european-states-in-the-inter-war-years-19181939.html" title="14: European states in the inter-war years (1918–1939)">14: European states in the inter-war years (1918–1939)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20832/1-the-weimar-republic-1918-1933-atl.html" title="1. The Weimar Republic (1918 - 1933) (ATL)">1. The Weimar Republic (1918 - 1933) (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21504/2-nazi-germany-part-i-1933-1939-.html" title="2. Nazi Germany: Part I (1933 - 1939) ">2. Nazi Germany: Part I (1933 - 1939) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36691/3-nazi-germany-part-ii-1933-1939.html" title="3. Nazi Germany Part II (1933 - 1939)">3. Nazi Germany Part II (1933 - 1939)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20842/4-italy-part-i-1918-1939-.html" title="4. Italy: Part I (1918 - 1939) ">4. Italy: Part I (1918 - 1939) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37137/5-italy-part-ii-1918-1939-.html" title="5. Italy: Part II (1918 - 1939) ">5. Italy: Part II (1918 - 1939) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42053/6-the-spanish-civil-war-part-1-1900-1931.html" title="6. The Spanish Civil War: Part 1 (1900 - 1931)">6. The Spanish Civil War: Part 1 (1900 - 1931)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42068/7-spanish-civil-war-part-2-1931-1936-.html" title="7. Spanish Civil War: Part 2 (1931 - 1936) ">7. Spanish Civil War: Part 2 (1931 - 1936) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42073/8-spanish-civil-war-part-3-1936-1939.html" title="8. Spanish Civil War: Part 3 (1936 - 1939)">8. Spanish Civil War: Part 3 (1936 - 1939)</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44002/9-britain-1918-to-1939.html" title="9. Britain 1918 to 1939">9. Britain 1918 to 1939</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43989/1-britain-in-1914.html" title="1. Britain in 1914">1. Britain in 1914</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43997/2-the-impact-of-the-first-world-war-1918-1922.html" title="2. The impact of the First World War: 1918 - 1922">2. The impact of the First World War: 1918 - 1922</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44078/3-britain-in-the-1920s-a-search-for-stability.html" title="3. Britain in the 1920s - a search for stability">3. Britain in the 1920s - a search for stability</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44053/1-political-developments-1922-1929.html" title="1. Political developments 1922 - 1929">1. Political developments 1922 - 1929</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44192/2-economic-issues-1922-1929.html" title="2. Economic issues, 1922 - 1929">2. Economic issues, 1922 - 1929</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44193/3-social-and-cultural-changes-1922-1929.html" title="3. Social and cultural changes, 1922 - 1929">3. Social and cultural changes, 1922 - 1929</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44285/4-britain-1929-1939.html" title="4. Britain 1929 - 1939">4. Britain 1929 - 1939</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44284/1-britain-1929-1939-political-and-economic-developments.html" title="1. Britain 1929 - 1939: Political and economic developments">1. Britain 1929 - 1939: Political and economic developments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44308/2-the-social-and-cultural-impact-of-the-great-depression.html" title="2. The social and cultural impact of the Great Depression">2. The social and cultural impact of the Great Depression</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23416/european-states-in-the-inter-war-years-essay-frames-and-writing-.html" title="European states in the inter-war years: Essay frames and writing exercises">European states in the inter-war years: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44367/1-weimar-germany-essay-planning.html" title="1. Weimar Germany: Essay planning">1. Weimar Germany: Essay planning</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44368/2-nazi-germany-essay-planning.html" title="2. Nazi Germany: Essay planning">2. Nazi Germany: Essay planning</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44369/3-italy-essay-planning.html" title="3. Italy: Essay planning">3. Italy: Essay planning</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44375/4-spain-essay-planning.html" title="4. Spain: Essay planning">4. Spain: Essay planning</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44376/5-case-studies-russia-and-britain-essay-planning.html" title="5. Case studies: Russia and Britain - essay planning">5. Case studies: Russia and Britain - essay planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42154/european-states-in-the-inter-war-years-quizzes-.html" title="European states in the inter-war years: Quizzes ">European states in the inter-war years: Quizzes </a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27934/interactive-quizzes.html" title="Interactive quizzes">Interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27666/1-weimar-and-hitlers-rise-to-power.html" title="1. Weimar and Hitler's rise to power">1. Weimar and Hitler's rise to power</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27935/2-hitlers-consolidation-of-power.html" title="2. Hitler's consolidation of power">2. Hitler's consolidation of power</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27936/3-hitlers-policies-1933-1939.html" title="3. Hitler's policies 1933 - 1939">3. Hitler's policies 1933 - 1939</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27975/4-mussolinis-rise-to-power.html" title="4. Mussolini's rise to power">4. Mussolini's rise to power</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27976/5-mussolinis-consolidation-and-maintenance-of-power.html" title="5. Mussolini's consolidation and maintenance of power">5. Mussolini's consolidation and maintenance of power</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27977/6-mussolinis-policies.html" title="6. Mussolini's policies">6. Mussolini's policies</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43976/7-causes-of-the-spanish-civil-war.html" title="7. Causes of the Spanish Civil War">7. Causes of the Spanish Civil War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43977/8-practices-of-the-spanish-civil-war.html" title="8. Practices of the Spanish Civil War">8. Practices of the Spanish Civil War</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20830/16-the-soviet-union-and-post-soviet-russia-19242000.html" title="16: The Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia (1924–2000)">16: The Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia (1924–2000)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22189/1-stalins-rise-to-power-and-rule-atl.html" title="1. Stalin's rise to power and rule (ATL)">1. Stalin's rise to power and rule (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22223/2-stalins-rule-1941-1953-atl.html" title="2. Stalin's rule (1941 - 1953) (ATL)">2. Stalin's rule (1941 - 1953) (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22226/3-khrushchev-1958-to-1964-atl.html" title="3. Khrushchev (1958 to 1964) ATL">3. Khrushchev (1958 to 1964) ATL</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33395/4-brezhnev-1964-1982-atl.html" title="4. Brezhnev (1964 - 1982) ATL">4. Brezhnev (1964 - 1982) ATL</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22249/5-gorbachev-1985-1991-atl.html" title="5. Gorbachev (1985 - 1991) (ATL)">5. Gorbachev (1985 - 1991) (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22252/6-post-soviet-russia-to-2000-atl.html" title="6. Post Soviet Russia to 2000 (ATL)">6. Post Soviet Russia to 2000 (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22220/8-the-soviet-union-and-post-soviet-russia-graded-student-essays.html" title="8. The Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia: Graded student essays">8. The Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia: Graded student essays</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="The Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia: quizzes">The Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia: quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28003/interactive-quizzes.html" title="Interactive quizzes">Interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28006/1-stalins-rule-1929-1939.html" title="1. Stalin's rule 1929 - 1939">1. Stalin's rule 1929 - 1939</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28436/2-soviet-union-1953-to-1983.html" title="2. Soviet Union: 1953 to 1983">2. Soviet Union: 1953 to 1983</a></li></ul></ul></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26763/the-ib-core.html" title="The IB Core">The IB Core</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Theory of Knowledge (TOK)">Theory of Knowledge (TOK)</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24497/tokhistory-in-the-news.html" title="TOK/History in the news">TOK/History in the news</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36888/fake-history-is-fake-news-entrenched-nov-2020.html" title="'Fake history is fake news entrenched' (Nov 2020)">'Fake history is fake news entrenched' (Nov 2020)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30617/are-conspiracy-theories-dangerous-july-2019.html" title="Are conspiracy theories dangerous? (July 2019)">Are conspiracy theories dangerous? (July 2019)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26556/do-we-have-a-hollywood-view-of-history-june-2018.html" title="Do we have a Hollywood view of History? (June 2018)">Do we have a Hollywood view of History? (June 2018)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32534/does-history-do-more-harm-than-good-feb-2020.html" title="Does history do more harm than good? (Feb 2020)">Does history do more harm than good? (Feb 2020)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25797/history-wars-february-2018.html" title="History Wars (February 2018)">History Wars (February 2018)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24671/if-we-remove-statues-are-we-erasing-history-august-2017.html" title="If we remove statues, are we 'erasing history'? (August 2017)">If we remove statues, are we 'erasing history'? (August 2017)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24672/napoleon-in-the-news-september-2017.html" title="Napoleon in the news (September 2017)">Napoleon in the news (September 2017)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24673/nicholas-ii-russian-history-re-written-sept-2017.html" title="Nicholas II: Russian history re-written? (Sept 2017)">Nicholas II: Russian history re-written? (Sept 2017)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31129/should-scientists-use-eduard-pernkopfs-anatomy-book-september-20.html" title="Should scientists use Eduard Pernkopf's anatomy book? September 2019">Should scientists use Eduard Pernkopf's anatomy book? September 2019</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31364/the-art-of-disinformation-october-2019.html" title="The art of disinformation (October 2019)">The art of disinformation (October 2019)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34611/what-does-it-mean-to-tear-down-a-statue-june-2020.html" title="What does it mean to tear down a statue? (June 2020)">What does it mean to tear down a statue? (June 2020)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25129/what-if-the-russian-revolution-had-never-happened-nov-2017.html" title="What if the Russian Revolution had never happened? (Nov 2017)">What if the Russian Revolution had never happened? (Nov 2017)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31044/what-is-the-role-of-professional-historians-august-2019.html" title="What is the role of professional historians? (August 2019)">What is the role of professional historians? (August 2019)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27348/who-gets-to-write-the-history-the-worlds-last-colonial-museum-se.html" title="Who gets to write the History? The 'world's last colonial museum' (September 2018)">Who gets to write the History? The 'world's last colonial museum' (September 2018)</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33195/recursos-en-espanol.html" title="Recursos en español">Recursos en español</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Prueba 1">Prueba 1</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="2. Temas Prescritos para la Prueba 1">2. Temas Prescritos para la Prueba 1</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Tema prescrito 3: El avance hacia la guerra global">Tema prescrito 3: El avance hacia la guerra global</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33217/11-expansion-italiana-1933-1940-.html" title="1.1 Expansión italiana (1933-1940) ">1.1 Expansión italiana (1933-1940) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33240/12-expansion-alemana-1933-1940.html" title="1.2 Expansión alemana (1933 - 1940)">1.2 Expansión alemana (1933 - 1940)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33412/2-la-expansion-alemana-e-italiana-videos-y-actividades.html" title="2. La expansión alemana e italiana: Videos y actividades">2. La expansión alemana e italiana: Videos y actividades</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33379/3-la-expansion-japonesa-en-asia-oriental-1931-1941.html" title="3. La expansión japonesa en Asia oriental (1931-1941)">3. La expansión japonesa en Asia oriental (1931-1941)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33381/4-la-expansion-japonesa-en-asia-oriental-videos-y-actividades.html" title="4. La expansión japonesa en Asia Oriental: Videos y actividades.">4. La expansión japonesa en Asia Oriental: Videos y actividades.</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33564/tema-prescrito-4-derechos-y-protesta.html" title="Tema prescrito 4: Derechos y protesta">Tema prescrito 4: Derechos y protesta</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33565/1-movimiento-por-los-derechos-civiles-en-estados-unidos-19541965.html" title="1. Movimiento por los derechos civiles en Estados Unidos (1954–1965) ">1. Movimiento por los derechos civiles en Estados Unidos (1954–1965) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33605/2-movimiento-por-los-derechos-civiles-en-estados-unidos-videos-y.html" title="2. Movimiento por los derechos civiles en Estados Unidos: Vídeos y actividades">2. Movimiento por los derechos civiles en Estados Unidos: Vídeos y actividades</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33633/3-sudafrica-durante-el-apartheid-19481964.html" title="3. Sudáfrica durante el apartheid (1948–1964)">3. Sudáfrica durante el apartheid (1948–1964)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33733/4-sudafrica-durante-el-apartheid-videos-y-actividades.html" title="4. Sudáfrica durante el apartheid: Vídeos y actividades">4. Sudáfrica durante el apartheid: Vídeos y actividades</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Prueba 2">Prueba 2</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33290/tema-11-causas-y-consecuencias-de-las-guerras-del-siglo-xx.html" title="Tema 11: Causas y consecuencias de las guerras del siglo XX">Tema 11: Causas y consecuencias de las guerras del siglo XX</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34552/estudio-de-caso-la-primera-guerra-mundial-.html" title="Estudio de caso: La Primera Guerra Mundial ">Estudio de caso: La Primera Guerra Mundial </a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34553/1-primera-guerra-munial-causas.html" title="1. Primera Guerra Munial: Causas">1. Primera Guerra Munial: Causas</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34562/2-la-primera-guerra-mundial-practicas-.html" title="2. La Primera Guerra Mundial: Prácticas ">2. La Primera Guerra Mundial: Prácticas </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34601/3-la-primera-guerra-mundial-los-efectos-.html" title="3. La Primera Guerra Mundial: los efectos ">3. La Primera Guerra Mundial: los efectos </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34711/4-primera-guerra-mundial-planificacion-de-ensayos.html" title="4. Primera Guerra Mundial: Planificación de ensayos">4. Primera Guerra Mundial: Planificación de ensayos</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36267/estudio-de-caso-la-revolucion-cubana.html" title="Estudio de caso: La revolución cubana">Estudio de caso: La revolución cubana</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36304/la-revolucion-cubana-planificacion-de-ensayos.html" title="La revolución cubana: Planificación de ensayos">La revolución cubana: Planificación de ensayos</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34190/estudio-de-caso-la-segunda-guerra-mundial.html" title="Estudio de caso: La Segunda Guerra Mundial">Estudio de caso: La Segunda Guerra Mundial</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33277/-1-la-segunda-guerra-mundial-causas-parte-i-.html" title=" 1. La Segunda Guerra Mundial: Causas Parte I "> 1. La Segunda Guerra Mundial: Causas Parte I </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33631/2-segunda-guerra-mundial-causas-parte-ii-asia-.html" title="2. Segunda Guerra Mundial: Causas Parte II Asia ">2. Segunda Guerra Mundial: Causas Parte II Asia </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34210/3-la-segunda-guerra-mundial-estrategias-enfoques-de-aprendizaje-.html" title="3. La Segunda Guerra Mundial: estrategias (Enfoques de aprendizaje) ">3. La Segunda Guerra Mundial: estrategias (Enfoques de aprendizaje) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34449/4-la-segunda-guerra-mundial-consecuencias.html" title="4. La Segunda Guerra Mundial: Consecuencias">4. La Segunda Guerra Mundial: Consecuencias</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34476/5-la-segunda-guerra-mundial-planifcacion-de-ensayos-para-la-prue.html" title="5. La Segunda Guerra Mundial: Planifcación de ensayos para la prueba 2">5. La Segunda Guerra Mundial: Planifcación de ensayos para la prueba 2</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Tema 12: La Guerra Fría: tensiones y rivalidades entre las superpotencias (siglo XX)">Tema 12: La Guerra Fría: tensiones y rivalidades entre las superpotencias (siglo XX)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="2. Líderes y naciones">2. Líderes y naciones</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36155/naciones-afectadas-por-las-tensiones-de-la-guerra-fria-cuba.html" title="Naciones afectadas por las tensiones de la Guerra Fría: Cuba">Naciones afectadas por las tensiones de la Guerra Fría: Cuba</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36564/tema10-estados-autoritarios-siglo-xx.html" title="Tema10: Estados autoritarios (siglo XX)">Tema10: Estados autoritarios (siglo XX)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36565/estudio-de-caso-castro.html" title="Estudio de caso: Castro">Estudio de caso: Castro</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Estudio de caso: Hitler">Estudio de caso: Hitler</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36598/hitler-planificacion-de-ensayos.html" title="Hitler: planificación de ensayos">Hitler: planificación de ensayos</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Prueba 3">Prueba 3</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35864/opcion-2-historia-de-america.html" title="Opción 2: Historia de América">Opción 2: Historia de América</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43442/11-la-revolucion-mexicana-18841940.html" title="11: La Revolución mexicana (1884–1940)">11: La Revolución mexicana (1884–1940)</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43443/1-el-gobierno-de-porfirio-diaz-y-las-causas-de-la-revolucion-.html" title="1. 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<div id="main-column" class="span9"> <article id="2-the-inter-war-years-growing-pressure-on-britain" style="margin-top: 16px;">
<h1 class="section-title">2. The inter-war years: growing pressure on Britain</h1>
<ul class="breadcrumb"><li><a title="Home" href="../../../history.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="gray">Paper 3</span><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="gray">Option 3: History of Asia and Oceania</span><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="gray">Topic 10: Nationalism and independence in India (1919–1964</span><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="active">2. The inter-war years: growing pressure on Britain</span></li></ul>
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<p class="liWithoutP"><img alt="" height="153" src="../../../ib/history/440px-mahatma_-_sarojini_naidu_1930.jpg" style="float: left;" width="193">T<span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">he inter-war years saw the Indian population challenging British rule though campaigns of civil disobedience led by Gandhi. It also saw a variety of responses from the British government to growing Indian nationalism.</span></p> <hr class="hidden"><div class="greyBg"><div class="blueBg"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Guiding questions:</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">What was the role of Gandhi in the years immediately following the First World War?</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">How successful were the British in re-establishing control in the 1920s?</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">What was the significance of civil disobedience campaigns, 1930 to 1934?</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">How significant were the Round Table talks?</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">What was the impact of the Government of India Act, 1935?</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">How significant were the inter-war years for Indian independence?</span><span style="color:#000080;"></span></p></div><h4><span style="color:#000080;"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">1. What was the role of Gandhi in the years immediately following the First World War?</span></span></h4><p><img alt="" height="258" src="../../../ib/history/2000px-1931_flag_of_india.svg.png" style="float: left;" width="388"></p><p><em><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">This flag was proposed by Gandhi. It was designed by Pingali Venkayya and has a traditional spinning wheel in the centre; this was a symbol of Gandhi's goal of making Indians self-reliant by making their own clothing.</span></em></p><hr class="hidden"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was to play a key role in galvanising public opinion in India and Britain to support and fight for Indian independence. As a lawyer he spent 20 years in South Africa campaigning for the rights of Indians in South Africa and while he was there he wrote a book entitled <em>Hind Swaraj </em>(Indian Self Rule). </span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">For Gandhi, self-rule meant two things:</span></p><ul><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Self-government for India</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Self-control for each individual</span></li></ul><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">He believed that the second of these would help achieve the first. He believed that individuals should learn to control their passions and live simple lives; this would help them to develop '<em>satyagraha'</em> which literally means truth-force or soul-force.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Linked to this idea was<em> Ahimsa</em> which literally means 'non-violence'. Gandhi believed that it is unacceptable to use provocative or retaliatory violence and so his campaign methods against the British would use inaction, withdrawal of cooperation, boycotts or just silence. Campaigners must always submit to violence but with dignity; this would provoke guilt in those who were perpetuating the violence.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Gandhi also supported the existing idea of '<em>Swadesh</em>' which meant boycotting British goods. Gandhi took this idea yet further and urged his supporters to spin cloth; clothes of home-spun cloth or <em>khadi</em><em> </em>became a sign of political commitment. </span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Gandhi was to lead five national campaigns of 'civil disobedience', the first of which was in 1919, in addition to more personal interventions such as fasts. As you watch the following video and read more about Gandhi, consider why he is seen as such a unique figure in history - not just in India but in the whole world.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Task One</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>ATL: Thinking skills</strong></span></p><div class="greenBg"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">The video below for which we have written questions, the BBC video <em>Gandhi, The Road to Freedom</em>, is no longer available on YouTube. We'll leave the questions in case it is uploaded again!</span></p></div><div class="yellowBg"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Watch the following video (Gandhi: The Road to freedom part 2) from the start until 42.30 minutes.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Answer the questions below (click on the eye)</span></p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Questions:</span></p><ol><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">In what ways did Gandhi's time in South Africa affect his political strategy in India?</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">What was Gandhi's vision for India?</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Why was this not accepted by other Indian politicians?</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Note down actions that Gandhi takes to fulfil his political ideals</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">What ideals motivated Gandhi's actions?</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">What kind of campaigns did Gandhi lead at the ashram?</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">How does the commentator explain why Gandhi actively recruited Indians to fight in the First World War?</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Why did he lose support from followers?</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">What was Gandhi's response to the Rowlatt Act? How did it change his actions?</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Why did he not get support from Congress?</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">What protest did he lead in 1919 against the Rowlatt Act?</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">What form did the protest take?</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">What were the results of this protest?</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">What impact did the Amritsar Massacre have on Indian response to Gandhi's plans?</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Why was satyagraha a powerful force according to Gandhi?</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">What tactics were used in the campaign which was launched in 1920?</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">What happened in 1922 and what was Gandhi's response?</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">What role did religion play in Gandhi's decisions?</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">What happened to Gandhi on the world stage?</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Meanwhile, what was the attitude of Congress in the 1920s?</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">How did Gandhi's attitude towards Muslims impact on relations between Hindus and Muslims?</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">What is the conclusion on Gandhi's views and actions on Hindu/Muslim unity?</span></li></ol></section></div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">As you will have seen from the video, Gandhi had emerged as the leading politician in India. This was partly because Congress was so divided that they were unable to unite to oppose Gandhi and also because there was wide geographical support for Gandhi because of the many local disputes with which he had been involved. At Congress's meeting in 1920 held in Nagpur, Gandhi dominated the proceedings and was able to bind together Hindus and Muslims and get delegates to vote for his policy of non-cooperation with the British Raj. As you have seen in the video however, the campaign came to a halt when violence broke out.</span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Task Two</span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">ATL: Research and Thinking skills</span></strong></p><div class="yellowBg"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Research further some of the events covered in the video above:</span></p><ul><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Gandhi's actions in South Africa (You could use <a href="https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/gandhi-and-passive-resistance-campaign-1907-1914">this website</a>)</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">The 1919 campaign</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">The 1920 Non-Cooperation movement</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Events at Chauri Chaura and Gandhi's response</span></li></ul><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">In pairs, discuss how significant you consider the campaigns of Gandhi to have been at this point in achieving progress towards independence for India.</span></p></div><h4><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#000080;">2. How successful were the British in re-establishing control in the 1920s?</span></span></h4><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">The 1920s, following the collapse of the non-cooperation campaign and Gandhi's imprisonment, saw the British Raj trying to keep hold of the Empire while at the same time conciliating Indian opinion. It also saw Congress attempting to consolidate past successes and expand into new areas. The leadership of Congress passed to the moderates C R Das and Motilal Nehru. Both men used the provisions of the 1919 India Act to get Indians to stand for positions in local councils in the 1923 elections; many congressmen were successful in these elections which meant that local councils appeared more legitimate and respectable. It also meant that Congress appeared less radical and more respectable which encouraged many middle class Indians who had been alienated by Gandhi's campaigns to support Congress once more.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">However, this process of constructive development was overturned by the Simon Commission.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">The 1919 India Act was due for review in 1929. However, this was also the year of a General Election in Britain and the Conservative Government was concerned that if the Labour Party won the election they would carry out even more reforms in favour of Congress and their demands. Thus the Secretary of State, Lord Birkenhead, brought forward the review to 1927 so that it could take place under his control. The commission looking into the 1919 India Act was led by Lord Simon. It did not contain a single Indian thus indicating that progress was unlikely and that the future of India was to be decided by British politicians based in Westminster.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">The response of Congress was to boycott all meetings and to hold protest demonstrations. The Muslim League, led by Jinnah, also avoided the commission. However, Muslims from the provinces where they were in a majority decided to help the Commission's inquiries, as did a number of Anglo-Indians, Sikhs and 'Untouchables' who were hoping for a better future than that which they thought would occur under a Hindu-dominated Congress. Birkenhead publicized this fact in order to try to disturb the Hindus and break the boycott.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">However, the boycott of the Simon Commission drew Indian political parties together again. At an All-Parties Conference, a report was produced which was really the first draft of a written constitution for India. It was the work of two eminent lawyers: T. B. Sapru and Motilal Nehru and was known as the Nehru Report.</span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Task One</span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">ATL: Thinking skills</span></strong></p><div class="blueBg"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">In pairs, read the Nehru Report which can be found <a href="https://www.indiaofthepast.org/contribute-memories/read-contributions/major-events-pre-1950/315-the-demand-for-dominion-status-1928-motilal-nehru-report" target="_blank">here</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">What status was this report aiming to achieve for India?</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">What measures were given to calm fears of the Muslim population that their position and rights would be protected?</span></p></div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">In the wake of the Nehru Report differences of opinion rapidly appeared. Jinnah wanted legal protection of the position of minorities and in 1929, he made a counter-proposal for a federal constitution with protection for Muslims: this is sometimes called Jinnah's Fourteen Points in a reference to President Woodrow Wilson's postwar principles. However even the Muslim League rejected this direction.</span></p><div class="panel panel-red panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border"><div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a><div><p>What were the differences between the Nehru Report and Jinnah's Fourteen Points?</p></div></div><div class="panel-body"><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">The Nehru Report rejected the idea of separate electorates for minorities; Jinnah’s 14 points demanded separate electorates for various communities.</span><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">The Nehru report recommended 1/4th representation for Muslims; Jinnah’s 14 points demanded 1/3rd representation in the Central government.</span><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">According to the Nehru report there wouldn’t be any reserved seats for communities in Bengal and Punjab. However, the reserved seats would be provided to Muslim communities in provinces where the Muslim population was at least 10%. Jinnah’s 14 points, however, demanded that appropriate representation should be given to Muslims in all provinces; even if the population was less than 10%.</span><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"> Jinnah’s 14 points also had other demands - including one that a certain percentage of the Ministers in all cabinets should be Muslims; this had not been recommended by the Nehru report</span>.</p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Overall, Jinnah wanted more provincial autonomy; the Nehru report supported a stronger centralised government</span></p></div></div><div class="panel-footer"><div></div></div></div><hr class="hidden"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">In 1929, a Labour government came to power, and as Birkenhead had feared, announced plans for a Round Table conference. Meanwhile Viceroy Lord Irwin declared that: His Majesty's Government saw the attainment of Dominion status as the logical outcome of the Montagu declaration of 1917. This made the Simon Commission irrelevant.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">However, Congress also rejected the idea of a Round Table conference; not only would this be in London on foreign soil but Congress and Gandhi feared that they would be forced to follow the British agenda. Not only Congress, but all representatives of Indian opinion would be there and so it was unlikely that Congress would get what it wanted; they also could not afford to miss the conference in case a settlement was made with which Congress - and Gandhi - could not agree. Congress thus decided to take a bold initiative.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Task Two</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>ATL: Thinking skills</strong></span></p><div class="blueBg"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">What, according to Lawrence James, was the significance of Congress's actions in January 1930?</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>Congress had to seize the political initiative. It did so at its annual conference in late December, when delegates backed two audacious motions. The first, framed with moderate backing by Motilal Nehru, called for instant Dominion status </em>[as recommended in the Nehru Report],<em> and the second, proposed by his son Jawaharlal and another younger generation radical, Chandra Subhas Bose, demanded complete British withdrawal from its new dominion by 31 December 1929. The alternative was a renewed campaign of protest and disruption. This was blackmail, and only the most artless could have imagined that Britain would give way. It was also an astute and well-calculated manoeuvre which shoved the Simon commission into the margins, and a timely reminder of Congress's historic claim that it alone spoke for the whole of India'.</em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Raj, The Making and Unmaking of British India, Lawrence James, 1997, pg 520</span></p></div><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"> </span><h4><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#000080;">3. What was the significance of civil disobedience campaigns, 1930 to 1934?</span></span></h4><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="377" src="../../../ib/history/220px-salt_march.jpg" style="float: left;" width="259"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>'Of all the 'marches' by which a host of very different opposition movements in the 1920s and 1930s drew attention to their cause and sought salvation or survival - from Mussolini's march on Rome in 1922, to the Long March of Mao ZeDong....to the march of the unemployed from Jarrow to London in October 1936 - this was surely one of the most sensational and effective. With the government watching anxiously from the sidelines, Gandhi was able to win almost unfettered publicity for his cause, and ...to exploit the vast potential of the media in India and abroad'.</em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"> David Arnold, Gandhi, Pearson, 2001, pg147</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Starter</strong>:</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Why, according to Arnold, was the Salt March so effective?</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><hr class="hidden"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Having decided to renew non-cooperation with the British, Congress set up a Working Committee to decide how and when the non-violent confrontation was to begin. However, they left it to Gandhi to make this decision. The result was the Salt March.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Task One</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>ATL: Thinking skills</strong></span></p><div class="yellowBg"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Watch the following video on Gandhi and make further notes on Gandhi's campaign and its impact. This is from Andrew Marr's History of the World Series and if you cannot access it in your country (as it is BBC) you can find the whole episode <a href="https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x26gzq2">here on Vimeo </a>and the bit on the Salt March is from about 20 minutes in.</span><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/-vQTAxK5I2c" width="640"></iframe></div><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"> </span><p><strong><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Task Two</span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">ATL: Thinking skills</span></strong></p><div class="blueBg"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Read <a href="http://www.satyagrahafoundation.org/gandhis-salt-march-campaign-contemporary-dispatches-12/" target="_blank">this news dispatch</a>, written by the journalist Webb Miller on Gandhi's actions. </span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">What is the tone of this report? What impact would this have had on an international audience?</span></p><section class="tib-teacher-only" readonly="true" title="This box is not visible to students"><div class="header" readonly="true"><img class="icon" src="../../../img/icons/teacher-only.svg"> Teacher only box</div><div class="content" readonly="false"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">The answer to the final question can be found <a href="https://medium.com/@indebo/webb-miller-the-man-who-showed-the-indian-independence-struggle-to-the-world-c03a9a466a3b" target="_blank">here</a></span></p></div></section></div><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"> </span><p><strong><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Task Three</span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">ATL: Thinking skills</span></strong></p><div class="yellowBg"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Watch this montage of clips from the movie Gandhi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">What can you learn from these clips about Gandhi's motives and strategies?</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/WW3uk95VGes" width="640"></iframe></span></p></div><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"> </span><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Following Gandhi's arrest, the civil disobedience campaign continued. However, it was not directed from the centre but rather provisional committees were authorised to organise their own <em>satyagrahas</em>. This prevented divisions appearing among Congress members as to the nature of civil disobedience and it also meant that the campaign was much harder for the British to stop. By the middle of 1930, all provinces in India had been affected, with Bombay and Gujarat being the most disrupted.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">The civil disobedience campaign had several consequences for Indians and for British rule.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Task Four</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>ATL: Thinking skills</strong></span></p><div class="yellowBg"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">In pairs, consider the consequences below of the civil disobedience campaign. Which of these do you think were to be the most significant for Indian nationalism? (Note also the view of Lawrence James below regarding the overall impact of the campaign.)</span></p><p><img alt="" height="529" src="../../../ib/history/non-coop-2.png" width="775"></p></div><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"> </span><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Task Five</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>ATL: Thinking skills</strong></span></p><div class="blueBg"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Why, according to Lawrence James, were the British able to withstand the civil disobedience campaign?</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>Even in the periods of intensive public protests in 1919 and 1930 - 4, it [Congress] had never come close to toppling the Raj or even proving beyond doubt that India was ungovernable. There were no more Amritsars, but the authorities managed to keep the upper hand through mass arrests of leading party activities, including Gandhi, and disorders were held in check by the police with army help. With a loyal police force, the backing of an army which numbered 194,000 in 1939, and a considerable degree of determination among its officials, the Raj was able to hang on without too much strain on its resources.</em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Lawrence James, The Rise and Fall of the British Empire, 1994</span></p></div><h4><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#000080;">4. How significant were the Round Table talks?</span></span></h4><p><img alt="" class="gifffer" data-gifffer="/media/ib/history/second_round_tableconf.gif" style="width: 640px; height: 480px; float: left;"></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">The Second Round Table Conference, 1931</span></p><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>'It is alarming and also nauseating to see Mr. Gandhi, a seditious Middle [Inner] Temple lawyer, now posing as a fakir of a type well known in the East, striding half-naked up the steps of the Viceregal palace, while he is still organizing and conducting a defiant campaign of civil disobedience, to parley on equal terms with the representative of the King-Emperor'</em></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Winston Churchill, on Gandhi's attendance at the Second Round Table Conference</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">With Gandhi in prison and the civil disobedience campaigns continuing, the Round Table Conference requested by the new Labour government went ahead with 89 representatives, 16 from the major political parties of Britain, 16 princes and 47 nominees of the Viceroy to represent British India, including Muslims, Sikhs, Indian Christians and scheduled castes (or untouchables). However without Gandhi, or either one of the Nehrus or Patel, the Indian representation could hardly be seen as representative or likely to be accepted by the Indian people.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">However, in January 1931, Viceroy Irwin took the step of releasing Gandhi. The two men signed the Gandhi-Irwin Pact; through this Gandhi agreed that civil disobedience would stop and that Congress would participate in the Round Table Conference. On the other side, Irwin agreed that political prisoners would be released, banned organisations would be unbanned, peaceful picketing in support of Indian goods would be permitted (though not when it threatened the sale of British goods) and that all future political changes would be in the interests of India itself.</span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Task One</span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">ATL: Thinking skills</span></strong></p><div class="yellowBg"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Watch this Pathe news account of Gandhi's arrival in Britain in 1931 for the second Round Table Conference. </span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">1. What is the attitude of this reporter towards Gandhi?</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/P6njRwz_dMw" width="640"></iframe></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">2. Write a report on Gandhi's visit to Britain for a British newspaper. The first section of the video below will also be useful for this.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">You will need to give the context of this visit regarding what has happened in India and why Gandhi is visiting Britain. Consider your perspective; are you a supporter of Empire (such as Churchill - see quote above) or are you sympathetic with Indian demands? </span></p></div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Task Two</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>ATL: Thinking and self-management skills</strong></span></p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span><div class="yellowBg"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">1. Watch the following video and take notes on the Round Table Conferences held in London.</span></p><p><em><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Also watch the first 12 minutes of the third part of the video on Gandhi below which focuses on the Round Table Conferences and the alienation of the Muslims at the second Round Table Conference.</span></em></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">2. Using this video and the notes above, complete the grid below which is on the PDF below. <a href="http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/round-table-conferences-1930-1932" target="_blank">This summary</a> will also be useful.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/aziphASzSvs" width="640"></iframe></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><a href="/media/ib/history/what-was-achieved-at-the-round-table-conferences.pdf" target="_blank" title="Activities"><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/activities.png"> What was achieved at the Round Table Conferences?</a> </span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><iframe frameborder="0" height="400" scrolling="no" src="/media/ib/history/what-was-achieved-at-the-round-table-conferences.pdf" width="100%"></iframe></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">3. Discuss in pairs or small groups why the Round Table Conferences achieved so little. (Also note the video below which comments on Gandhi's role).</span></p></div><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"> </span><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Between the first and second Round Table conferences, the Conservative government in Britain took over from the Labour government. This meant that Lord Irwin was replaced by Lord Willingdon who had far less sympathy for the Indian nationalist cause and was determined to take a tough line. His mission was to work only with those in India who would work with the current administration. Thus Gandhi was imprisoned when he returned to India (though released later on health grounds); in fact within four months over 80,000 Indians were in prison. Congress was outlawed and all members of Congress's Working Committee and the Provincial Committees were rounded up and imprisoned.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Congress announced that individuals should feel free to take responsibility for their own civil disobedience. Between August 1933 and March 1934 thousands took such action.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">With their leaders in prison this protest was uncoordinated and the authorities kept control.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Task Three</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>ATL: Thinking skills</strong></span></p><div class="yellowBg"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Watch the first 30 minutes of episode 3 of the video Gandhi: The Road to Freedom.</span></p><div class="greenBg"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Note this video is unavailable on YouTube at the moment (Jan 2021)</span></p></div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Answer the questions below.</span></p><ol><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">How was Gandhi treated in Britain when he visited for the second Round Table Conference?</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">What was Gandhi's impact in this conference?</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Back in India, why did Gandhi fast in prison?</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">What was Gandhi's relationship with the untouchables?</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">What was Gandhi's vision for India and why was this criticised?</span></li></ol></div><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span><h4><span style="color:#000080;"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">5. What was the impact of the Government of India Act, 1935?</span></span></h4><h4><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="347" src="../../../ib/history/1920px-indian_provincial_election_1937.svg.png" style="float: left;" width="452"></span></h4><h4></h4><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Map of the Indian Provincial Election 1937 by largest party.</span></p><h4></h4><h4></h4><h4></h4><h4></h4><h4></h4><h4></h4><hr class="hidden"><p><a href="http://By RaviC - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=61080530">http://By RaviC - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=61080530</a></p><hr class="hidden"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Finally, following the failure of both the Simon Commission and the Round Table Conferences, the British published a Bill on the Indian constitution for Parliament to discuss. There was much opposition to the Bill from diehard Conservative imperialists - but also from those who believed that it did not go far enough. Nevertheless, it finally became law 2 August 1935.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Task One</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>ATL: Thinking skills</strong></span></p><div class="blueBg"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">In pairs read the key points of the India Act <a href="https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/government-of-india-act-1935-main-features-1443011759-1">here</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">What do you think the reaction of Congress would be to this Act? What would be the reaction of the Muslim League?</span></p></div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Task Two</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>ATL: Thinking skills</strong></span></p><div class="blueBg"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">What, according to Judith Brown, were the aims of the 1935 India Act, for the British?</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>The 1935 Act with its reliance on a princely bloc in an All-India Federation as a quid pro quo [favour] for central Indian responsibility was a truly conservative measure - in aim and timing. It was designed to salvage and buttress the empire, not to liquidate it: and it conceded only as much as seemed necessary to prevent destabilising conflict or administrative paralysis. </em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Judith Brown, Modern India, OUP, 1994, pg 286</span></p></div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Congress objected to the Act for several reasons:</span></p><ul><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">The Act did not give India full independence;</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Congress wanted a strong central government as this would allow strong Hindu control; the Act set up provincial governments some of which the Muslims would probably be able to control;</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Congress also objected to the Act because it continued the practice of reserved seats for minority groups.</span></li></ul><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">The Muslim League also objected to the Act because they believed it did not offer enough power to Muslims; most provinces were controlled by Congress with no guarantee that the rights of Muslims would be protected.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Although they opposed the Act, nevertheless both groups decided to participate in the provincial elections as they were afraid that without their participation they would be excluded from the political process; at least they would be able to work within the system to change it.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Nehru was President of Congress; he traveled the country and in eight months spoke to over 10 million Indians in meetings up and down the country. This tour was a great success; it ensured that Nehru would tak over as leader of Congress following Gandhi and it also led to a surprise victory for congress. It gained a clear majority in six of the eleven provinces of British India and in three of the remaining five provinces it became the single biggest party.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">However, for the Muslim League, the results were a bitter disappointment. Mohammad Ali Jinnah came back to India for the election. He had dropped out of politics in 1932 and settled in London but he returned in 1935 believing that he could achieve great things for Indian Muslims. He certainly hoped that the Muslim League would win most seats in the four Muslim majority provinces. However, Congress became the biggest party in two of these, Bengal and Assam. Even in the Punjab and Sind it was not the Muslim League which profited from the defeat of Congress. Punjab went to the Unionist Party and in Sind the Muslim vote split four ways. This was a great set-back for Jinnah.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">The best that Jinnah could now hope for was a deal with Congress in order to have a share in the governments of some of the provinces; however Congress refused this. Congress leaders felt that the election results proved that Indians no longer saw the need to protect the political rights of communities. Many Muslims had in fact voted for Congress and even in Muslim areas the League had not done well. Thus Congress now claimed to be the only party for Indian nationalists of all communities.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">However, as you will read in the next section, Jinnah revitalised the Muslim League. By 1938 Congress unity was falling apart. </span></p><h4><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#000080;">6. How significant were the inter-war years for Indian independence?</span></span></h4><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="621" src="../../../ib/history/interwar-bernard-partridge-cartoons-punch-1931-01-28-99.jpg" style="float: left;" width="459"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Starter:</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">What is the message of this cartoon of 1931 from Punch magazine?</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">How accurate do you consider this cartoon to be in portraying the British attitude towards India in the 1930s?</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><a href="https://punch.photoshelter.com/image/I0000V_xCjM6Gt1A">https://punch.photoshelter.com/image/I0000V_xCjM6Gt1A</a></span></p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span><hr class="hidden"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Task One</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>ATL: Self-management skills</strong></span></p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span><div class="yellowBg"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Go back to the timeline that you drew up on the previous page. Add dates from this page to the timeline</span></p></div><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"> </span><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Task Two</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>ATL: Thinking skills</strong></span></p><div class="yellowBg"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">In pairs, discuss how significant Gandhi's actions were for encouraging the growth of nationalism. (You may also want to look at the next page and read about Gandhi's Quit India campaign in 1942)</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Do you agree with the following:</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">'.<em>.Gandhi's share in the erosion of British power should not be underestimated. He had not succeeded in 1920 - 2, in 1930 - 3 or (in circumstances in which he had far less control) in 1942, in bringing about the collapse of British rule or in winning swaraj at a single stroke. The strength and the resolution of the British Empire was too great for that and the forces of Indian opposition too weak and internally divided. But each successive campaign was a hammer-blow that further weakened British prestige and resolution...his persistently anti-colonial stance and almost unshakeable moral stature contributed enormously to the sea-change that had taken place in Indian politics since the Rowlatt Satyraraha of 1919</em>'</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Gandhi, Profiles in Power, David Arnold, pg 215</span></p></div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Task Two</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>ATL: Research and communication skills</strong></span></p><div class="yellowBg"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">You have now come across some key players other than Gandhi in the struggle for independence.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Research further the views and actions of Jawaharlal Nehru and Jinnah.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">For each man create a one sided A4 profile to show:</span></p><ul><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">key events in his life</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">political views</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">relationship to Gandhi </span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">key ideas/quotes regarding Indian independence</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">impact on the political development of nationalism in India and the events leading to Indian independence</span></li></ul></div><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"> </span><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Task Three</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>ATL: Thinking and communication skills</strong></span></p><div class="yellowBg"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">In pairs or small groups consider the following questions:</span></p><ul><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">How much progress did the cause of Indian independence make in the inter-war years? How different was the situation in 1938 compared to 1919?</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Which factors/individuals played the most important role in influencing events in these years?</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">What were the key obstacles that existed regarding Indian independence by 1938?</span></li></ul></div><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"> </span><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p></div><p class="liWithoutP"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p class="liWithoutP"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p class="liWithoutP"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><script>document.querySelectorAll('.tib-teacher-only').forEach(e => e.remove());</script>
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