File "erq-marking-cognitive-etiologies.html"
Path: /ThinkIB/bio_psych/psychology/page/28726/erq-marking-cognitive-etiologieshtml
File size: 227.39 KB
MIME-type: text/html
Charset: utf-8
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<!-- Google Tag Manager -->
<script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':
new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src=
'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K5VSFSN');
</script>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager -->
<meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="IE=Edge">
<title>DP Psychology: ERQ marking: Cognitive etiologies</title>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta name="robots" content="none"><meta name="robots" content="noindex, nofollow">
<!-- Removed by WebCopy --><!--<base href="https://www.student.thinkib.net">--><!-- Removed by WebCopy --><meta name="keywords" content="abnormal, cognitive, etiology, etiologiesPsychology, ThinkIB.net, InThinking, IB, IBDP, IBMYP"><meta name="description" content="ERQ marking: Cognitive etiologies. ThinkIB.net Psychology is an InThinking website.">
<link href="../../../css/bootstrap.min-1.css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen">
<link href="../../../css/font-awesome-4.7.0/css/font-awesome.min-1.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="../../../css/top-nav.min-1.css?v=202211301945" rel="stylesheet" media="screen">
<link href="../../../css/style.min-1.css?v=20230110" rel="stylesheet" media="screen">
<link href="../../../css/style-ib.min-1.css?v=20230105" rel="stylesheet" media="screen">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../js/jq-fancybox/jquery.fancybox.min-1.css">
<link href="../../../js/jq-fancybox/jquery.fancybox.min-1.css" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/side-nav.min-1.css?v=20220520"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../assets/css/ckeditor5-custom-1.css" type="text/css"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/std-access.min-1.css?v=20220504"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/snippets.min-1.css?v=202210181500"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/article.min-1.css?v=202212151220"><script src="../../../js/localdates.min-1.js?v=202009290900"></script><script src="../../../js/ifvisible.min-1.js"></script><script>ifvisible.setIdleDuration(300);</script><script>var tibSitename = "psychology";</script>
<script>
const SITE_TAG = "ib"
const SITE_WEB = "ThinkIB.net"
const SITE_DOMAIN = "www.thinkib.net"
const SITE_URI = "https://thinkib.net"
const SITE_CLIENT_CODE = "TIB000001"
let imageThinker = "img/header-thinker-ib.svg";
let imageStudent = "img/header-student-thinkib.svg";
</script>
<script>var userHash = "IBDocs(2)", userTicket = "IBDocs(2)";</script><script src="../../../js/user/local-stats.min-1.js?v=202102101800"></script><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="57x57" href="../../../img/favicon/student-thinkib/apple-touch-icon-57x57-1.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="114x114" href="../../../img/favicon/student-thinkib/apple-touch-icon-114x114-1.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="72x72" href="../../../img/favicon/student-thinkib/apple-touch-icon-72x72-1.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="144x144" href="../../../img/favicon/student-thinkib/apple-touch-icon-144x144-1.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="60x60" href="../../../img/favicon/student-thinkib/apple-touch-icon-60x60-1.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="120x120" href="../../../img/favicon/student-thinkib/apple-touch-icon-120x120-1.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="76x76" href="../../../img/favicon/student-thinkib/apple-touch-icon-76x76-1.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="152x152" href="../../../img/favicon/student-thinkib/apple-touch-icon-152x152-1.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/student-thinkib/favicon-196x196-1.png" sizes="196x196"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/student-thinkib/favicon-96x96-1.png" sizes="96x96"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/student-thinkib/favicon-32x32-1.png" sizes="32x32"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/student-thinkib/favicon-16x16-1.png" sizes="16x16"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/student-thinkib/favicon-128-1.png" sizes="128x128"><meta name="application-name" content=" "><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#FFFFFF"><meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.student.thinkib.net/img/favicon/student-thinkib/mstile-144x144.png"><meta name="msapplication-square70x70logo" content="https://www.student.thinkib.net/img/favicon/student-thinkib/mstile-70x70.png"><meta name="msapplication-square150x150logo" content="https://www.student.thinkib.net/img/favicon/student-thinkib/mstile-150x150.png"><meta name="msapplication-wide310x150logo" content="https://www.student.thinkib.net/img/favicon/student-thinkib/mstile-310x150.png"><meta name="msapplication-square310x310logo" content="https://www.student.thinkib.net/img/favicon/student-thinkib/mstile-310x310.png">
</head>
<body onunload="" class="student-access">
<!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-K5VSFSN" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
<div id="header">
<div class="wmap">
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<div class="container-fluid">
<div class="pull-right visible-phone">
<a href="https://www.inthinking.net">
<img src="../../../img/header-logo-1.svg" style="height: 45px; width: auto">
</a>
</div>
<div class="visible-phone" style="clear:both;"></div>
<div class="pull-left">
<h1><a href="../../../psychology.html?lg=28278"><span style="font-size: .8em;">IBDP Psychology - Student pages</span></a></h1>
<p class="slogan hidden-phone"><span class="slogan"><em>InThinking</em> Subject Sites for teachers & their classes</span></p>
<p class="hidden-phone"><em>Group: IB Docs (2) Team<br>Teacher: IB Docs (2) Team</em></p>
</div>
<div class="pull-right text-right">
<a class="hidden-phone" href="https://www.inthinking.net">
<img src="../../../img/header-logo-1.svg" style="height: 70px; width: auto">
</a>
<div class="search"><a href="#" class="toggle-menu-search" data-toggle="dropdown" title="Search"><i class="fa fa-2x fa-search"></i></a></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="topmenu">
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<div>
<nav class="top-nav"><ul class="level-0"><li><a href="../../../psychology.html?lg=28278"><i class="fa fa-home"></i> Home</a></li><li><a href="../22835/psychology-textbook.html">Psychology textbook</a></li><li class="selected"><a href="../35934/student-resources.html">Student resources</a></li><li><a href="../24184/internal-assessment.html">Internal Assessment</a></li><li><a href="../31737/statistics.html">Statistics</a></li><li><a href="../144/extended-essay.html">Extended Essay</a></li><li><a href="../35013/personalized-learning.html">Personalized learning</a></li><li><a href="../36021/exam-prep.html">Exam prep</a></li><li><a href="../45301/materiales-en-espanol.html">Materiales en español</a></li></ul></nav>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<nav id="nav-menu-search" class="shadow-md" style="display: none;">
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<form class="form-inline" role="search" method="get" action="psychology/search">
<input id="nav-search" name="s" type="search" placeholder="Search Psychology..." value="">
<button class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" type="submit">
Search
</button>
<a href="#" class="toggle-menu-search" title="Close">
<i class="fa fa-lg fa-times gray"></i>
</a>
</form>
</div>
</nav>
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<div id="container" class="container-fluid">
<div id="content">
<div class="row-fluid">
<div id="left-column" class="span3"> <div id="userbox">
<div class="dropdown" style="display: flex; align-items: center;">
<a href="#" data-toggle="dropdown" class="dropdown-toggle btn">
<img style="width: 16px; height: 16px; margin: -2px 0 0 0;" src="../../../img/user/t/IBRR.jpg">
IB Docs (2) Team <i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i>
</a>
<ul class="dropdown-menu" id="menu1">
<li><a href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/biology?lg=50366"><i class="fa fa-caret-right fixwidth gray"></i> IBDP Biology</a></li><li><a href="../../../psychology.html?lg=28278"><i class="fa fa-caret-right fixwidth gray"></i> IBDP Psychology</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div><br><div id="topicsnav" style="margin: 0; padding: 0px;"> <div class="row-fluid accordion-group" style="border: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"> <div style="padding: 6px 4px 6px 8px; background: #204a87;"> <a class="accordion-toggle std-header" style="color: #fff; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #444; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400;" data-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#topicsnav" href="#side-box-topics-list"> <i class="fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90 white" style="margin-left: 4px;"></i> Topics </a> <span id="sidetreecontrol"> <a title="Collapse all" rel="collapse" href="#"> <i class="fa fa-minus-circle"></i> </a> <a title="Expand all" rel="expand" href="#"> <i class="fa fa-plus-circle"></i> </a> </span> </div> <div id="side-box-topics-list" class="accordion-body in collapse"> <div class="accordion-inner" style="line-height: 1.7em; padding: 0;"> <nav class="side-nav" id="sidemenu"><ul class="level-0 always-expanded"><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22835/psychology-textbook.html" title="Psychology textbook">Psychology textbook</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22380/1-research-in-psychology.html" title="1. Research in psychology">1. Research in psychology</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22881/introducing-psychology.html" title="Introducing psychology">Introducing psychology</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23360/fundamentals-of-research.html" title="Fundamentals of research">Fundamentals of research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23368/ethics-in-research.html" title="Ethics in research">Ethics in research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23369/discussing-research.html" title="Discussing research">Discussing research</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23361/quantitative-research-methods.html" title="Quantitative research methods">Quantitative research methods</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44314/correlational-studies.html" title="Correlational studies">Correlational studies</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23378/research-designs.html" title="Research designs">Research designs</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23362/qualitative-research-methods.html" title="Qualitative research methods">Qualitative research methods</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23406/hl-concepts-in-qualitative-research.html" title="HL: Concepts in qualitative research">HL: Concepts in qualitative research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23364/hl-understanding-observations.html" title="HL: Understanding observations">HL: Understanding observations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23363/hl-understanding-interviews.html" title="HL: Understanding interviews">HL: Understanding interviews</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23365/hl-understanding-case-studies.html" title="HL: Understanding case studies">HL: Understanding case studies</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../40267/questionnaires-and-surveys.html" title="Questionnaires and surveys">Questionnaires and surveys</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23370/references-introduction.html" title="References: introduction">References: introduction</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22381/2-critical-thinking-in-psychology.html" title="2. Critical thinking in psychology">2. Critical thinking in psychology</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23377/causal-patterns.html" title="Causal patterns">Causal patterns</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24423/evaluating-research.html" title="Evaluating research">Evaluating research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23603/reductionism-vs-holism.html" title="Reductionism vs holism">Reductionism vs holism</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24700/evaluating-experiments.html" title="Evaluating experiments">Evaluating experiments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23605/ecological-validity.html" title="Ecological validity">Ecological validity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33328/hawthorne-effect.html" title="Hawthorne Effect">Hawthorne Effect</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33339/generalizing-from-case-studies.html" title="Generalizing from case studies">Generalizing from case studies</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28232/self-reported-data.html" title="Self reported data">Self reported data</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33343/misunderstandings-in-biology.html" title="Misunderstandings in biology">Misunderstandings in biology</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25821/cultural-research-emic-vs-etic.html" title="Cultural research: Emic vs etic">Cultural research: Emic vs etic</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24530/references-critical-thinking.html" title="References: critical thinking">References: critical thinking</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22385/3-cognitive-approach.html" title="3. Cognitive approach">3. Cognitive approach</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22791/cognitive-processing.html" title="Cognitive processing">Cognitive processing</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22792/schema-theory.html" title="Schema theory">Schema theory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22793/multi-store-memory-model.html" title="Multi-store memory model">Multi-store memory model</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23593/working-memory-model.html" title="Working memory model">Working memory model</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22794/thinking-and-decision-making.html" title="Thinking and decision making">Thinking and decision making</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22795/reliability-of-cognitive-processes.html" title="Reliability of cognitive processes">Reliability of cognitive processes</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22796/reconstructive-memory.html" title="Reconstructive memory">Reconstructive memory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22798/emotion-and-memory.html" title="Emotion and memory">Emotion and memory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33334/memory-and-the-holocaust-.html" title="Memory and the Holocaust ">Memory and the Holocaust </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22797/biases-in-thinking-and-decision-making.html" title="Biases in thinking and decision making">Biases in thinking and decision making</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23608/emotion-and-decision-making.html" title="Emotion and decision making">Emotion and decision making</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22799/the-digital-world.html" title="The digital world">The digital world</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22800/memory-in-the-digital-world.html" title="Memory in the digital world">Memory in the digital world</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22801/technology-and-thinking.html" title="Technology and thinking">Technology and thinking</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37079/technology-emotion-and-cognition.html" title="Technology, emotion, and cognition">Technology, emotion, and cognition</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23586/references-cognitive-approach.html" title="References: Cognitive approach">References: Cognitive approach</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22386/4-biological-approach.html" title="4. Biological approach">4. Biological approach</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22418/the-brain-and-behaviour.html" title="The brain and behaviour">The brain and behaviour</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22419/methodology-biological-approach.html" title="Methodology: biological approach">Methodology: biological approach</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22420/localization-plasticity.html" title="Localization & Plasticity">Localization & Plasticity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22421/neurotransmission-.html" title="Neurotransmission ">Neurotransmission </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22422/hormones.html" title="Hormones">Hormones</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22423/pheromones-and-mating-behaviour.html" title="Pheromones and mating behaviour">Pheromones and mating behaviour</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45731/pheromones-and-aggression.html" title="Pheromones and aggression">Pheromones and aggression</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22428/genetics-and-behaviour.html" title="Genetics and behaviour">Genetics and behaviour</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22429/methodology-in-genetic-research.html" title="Methodology in genetic research">Methodology in genetic research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45429/kinship-studies-.html" title="Kinship studies ">Kinship studies </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22430/epigenetics-and-depression.html" title="Epigenetics and depression">Epigenetics and depression</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22431/evolutionary-psychology.html" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22432/ethical-considerations-genetics.html" title="Ethical considerations: genetics">Ethical considerations: genetics</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22435/hl-extension-animal-research.html" title="HL Extension: Animal research">HL Extension: Animal research</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22436/methods-of-animal-research.html" title="Methods of animal research">Methods of animal research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22437/ethics-in-animal-research.html" title="Ethics in animal research">Ethics in animal research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22438/animal-research-in-genetics.html" title="Animal research in genetics">Animal research in genetics</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22424/references-biological-approach.html" title="References: Biological approach">References: Biological approach</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22387/5-sociocultural-approach.html" title="5. Sociocultural approach">5. Sociocultural approach</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22439/the-individual-and-the-group.html" title="The individual and the group">The individual and the group</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22440/methodology-in-sociocultural.html" title="Methodology in sociocultural">Methodology in sociocultural</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22441/social-identity-theory.html" title="Social Identity Theory">Social Identity Theory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22443/social-cognitive-theory.html" title="Social Cognitive Theory">Social Cognitive Theory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22444/stereotyping.html" title="Stereotyping">Stereotyping</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22445/culture-behaviour-and-cognition.html" title="Culture, behaviour and cognition">Culture, behaviour and cognition</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22447/cultural-dimensions-.html" title="Cultural dimensions ">Cultural dimensions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22446/culture-and-cognition.html" title="Culture and cognition">Culture and cognition</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22448/enculturation.html" title="Enculturation">Enculturation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34345/acculturation.html" title="Acculturation">Acculturation</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22449/globalization-and-identity.html" title="Globalization and identity">Globalization and identity</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22450/globalization-and-attitudes.html" title="Globalization and attitudes">Globalization and attitudes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22451/globalization-and-behaviour.html" title="Globalization and behaviour">Globalization and behaviour</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22442/references-sociocultural-approach.html" title="References: Sociocultural approach">References: Sociocultural approach</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22388/6-abnormal-psychology.html" title="6. Abnormal psychology">6. Abnormal psychology</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22452/diagnosis.html" title="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22453/classification-systems.html" title="Classification systems">Classification systems</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22454/validity-and-reliability.html" title="Validity and reliability">Validity and reliability</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22455/factors-influencing-diagnosis.html" title="Factors influencing diagnosis">Factors influencing diagnosis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22456/ethics-in-diagnosis.html" title="Ethics in diagnosis">Ethics in diagnosis</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22458/etiologies-of-disorders.html" title="Etiologies of disorders">Etiologies of disorders</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34781/anxiety-disorders.html" title="Anxiety disorders">Anxiety disorders</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34782/biological-approach-to-anxiety.html" title="Biological approach to anxiety">Biological approach to anxiety</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34783/cognitive-approach-to-anxiety.html" title="Cognitive approach to anxiety">Cognitive approach to anxiety</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34784/sociocultural-approach-to-anxiety.html" title="Sociocultural approach to anxiety">Sociocultural approach to anxiety</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22459/depressive-disorders.html" title="Depressive disorders">Depressive disorders</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22460/biological-approach-to-depression.html" title="Biological approach to depression">Biological approach to depression</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22477/cognitive-approach-to-depression.html" title="Cognitive approach to depression">Cognitive approach to depression</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22478/sociocultural-approach-to-depression.html" title="Sociocultural approach to depression">Sociocultural approach to depression</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24019/eating-disorders.html" title="Eating disorders">Eating disorders</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23983/biological-approach-to-anorexia.html" title="Biological approach to anorexia">Biological approach to anorexia</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23984/cognitive-approach-to-anorexia-.html" title="Cognitive approach to anorexia ">Cognitive approach to anorexia </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24018/sociocultural-approach-to-anorexia-.html" title="Sociocultural approach to anorexia ">Sociocultural approach to anorexia </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36224/obsessive-compulsive-disorder.html" title="Obsessive Compulsive Disorder">Obsessive Compulsive Disorder</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36195/biological-approach-to-ocd.html" title="Biological approach to OCD">Biological approach to OCD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36415/cognitive-approach-to-ocd.html" title="Cognitive approach to OCD">Cognitive approach to OCD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36494/sociocultural-approach-to-ocd.html" title="Sociocultural approach to OCD">Sociocultural approach to OCD</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22479/trauma-and-stress-related-disorders.html" title="Trauma and stress related disorders">Trauma and stress related disorders</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22480/biological-approaches-to-ptsd.html" title="Biological approaches to PTSD">Biological approaches to PTSD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22481/cognitive-approaches-to-ptsd.html" title="Cognitive approaches to PTSD">Cognitive approaches to PTSD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22482/sociocultural-approach-to-ptsd.html" title="Sociocultural approach to PTSD">Sociocultural approach to PTSD</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22483/prevalence-of-disorders.html" title="Prevalence of disorders">Prevalence of disorders</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22484/treatment-of-disorders.html" title="Treatment of disorders">Treatment of disorders</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23986/anorexia-biological-treatments.html" title="Anorexia: Biological treatments">Anorexia: Biological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24036/anorexia-psychological-treatments.html" title="Anorexia: Psychological treatments">Anorexia: Psychological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37065/gad-biological-treatments.html" title="GAD: Biological treatments">GAD: Biological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37136/gad-psychological-treatments.html" title="GAD: Psychological treatments">GAD: Psychological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36566/ocd-biological-treatments.html" title="OCD: Biological treatments">OCD: Biological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36985/ocd-psychological-treatments.html" title="OCD: Psychological treatments">OCD: Psychological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22485/depression-biological-treatments.html" title="Depression: Biological treatments">Depression: Biological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22502/depression-psychological-treatments.html" title="Depression: Psychological treatments">Depression: Psychological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24002/ptsd-biological-treatments.html" title="PTSD: Biological treatments">PTSD: Biological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23982/ptsd-psychological-treatments.html" title="PTSD: Psychological treatments">PTSD: Psychological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22503/culture-and-treatment.html" title="Culture and treatment">Culture and treatment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22504/effectiveness-of-treatment.html" title="Effectiveness of treatment">Effectiveness of treatment</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22457/references-abnormal.html" title="References: Abnormal">References: Abnormal</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22389/7-developmental-psychology.html" title="7. Developmental psychology">7. Developmental psychology</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23616/developing-as-a-learner-.html" title="Developing as a learner
">Developing as a learner
</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23499/cognitive-development-piaget.html" title="Cognitive development: Piaget">Cognitive development: Piaget</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23636/cognitive-development-vygotsky.html" title="Cognitive development: Vygotsky">Cognitive development: Vygotsky</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45298/theories-of-brain-development.html" title="Theories of brain development">Theories of brain development</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23509/influences-on-development.html" title="Influences on development">Influences on development</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23501/role-of-peers-and-play.html" title="Role of peers and play">Role of peers and play</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23503/poverty-and-development.html" title="Poverty and development">Poverty and development</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23502/trauma-and-development.html" title="Trauma and development">Trauma and development</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23517/resilience.html" title="Resilience">Resilience</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23617/developing-an-identity.html" title="Developing an identity
">Developing an identity
</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23504/attachment.html" title="Attachment">Attachment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23506/gender-identity.html" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23507/theory-of-mind-and-empathy.html" title="Theory of mind and empathy">Theory of mind and empathy</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23634/references-development.html" title="References: Development">References: Development</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22390/8-health-psychology.html" title="8. Health psychology">8. Health psychology</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23510/determinants-of-health.html" title="Determinants of health">Determinants of health</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23512/disposition-and-health-beliefs.html" title="Disposition and health beliefs">Disposition and health beliefs</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23511/risk-and-protective-factors.html" title="Risk and protective factors">Risk and protective factors</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23514/health-problems.html" title="Health problems">Health problems</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23979/health-problem-addiction.html" title="Health problem: Addiction">Health problem: Addiction</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33739/biological-explanations-of-addiction.html" title="Biological explanations of addiction">Biological explanations of addiction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33740/cognitive-explanations-of-addiction.html" title="Cognitive explanations of addiction">Cognitive explanations of addiction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33741/sociocultural-explanations-of-addiction.html" title="Sociocultural explanations of addiction">Sociocultural explanations of addiction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23628/health-promotion-addiction.html" title="Health promotion: Addiction">Health promotion: Addiction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23631/treatments-for-addiction.html" title="Treatments for addiction">Treatments for addiction</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23725/health-problem-obesity.html" title="Health problem: Obesity">Health problem: Obesity</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32358/biological-explanations-of-obesity.html" title="Biological explanations of obesity">Biological explanations of obesity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32359/cognitive-explanations-of-obesity.html" title="Cognitive explanations of obesity">Cognitive explanations of obesity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32360/sociocultural-explanations-of-obesity.html" title="Sociocultural explanations of obesity">Sociocultural explanations of obesity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23629/health-promotion-obesity.html" title="Health promotion: obesity">Health promotion: obesity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23988/strategies-for-reducing-obesity.html" title="Strategies for reducing obesity">Strategies for reducing obesity</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23625/health-problem-stress.html" title="Health problem: Stress">Health problem: Stress</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23622/physiological-aspects-of-stress.html" title="Physiological aspects of stress">Physiological aspects of stress</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23623/cognitive-aspects-of-stress.html" title="Cognitive aspects of stress">Cognitive aspects of stress</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23624/social-aspects-of-stress.html" title="Social aspects of stress">Social aspects of stress</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23630/health-promotion-stress-.html" title="Health promotion: stress ">Health promotion: stress </a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23993/prevalence-of-health-problems.html" title="Prevalence of health problems">Prevalence of health problems</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23621/health-promotion.html" title="Health promotion">Health promotion</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23626/effectiveness-of-health-promotion-programs.html" title="Effectiveness of health promotion programs">Effectiveness of health promotion programs</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32599/ethics-in-health-promotion.html" title="Ethics in health promotion">Ethics in health promotion</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23635/references-health-psychology.html" title="References: Health psychology">References: Health psychology</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22391/9-human-relationships.html" title="9. Human relationships">9. Human relationships</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22837/social-responsibility.html" title="Social responsibility">Social responsibility</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22838/origins-of-prosocial-behaviour.html" title="Origins of prosocial behaviour">Origins of prosocial behaviour</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22840/factors-influencing-bystanderism.html" title="Factors influencing bystanderism">Factors influencing bystanderism</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22843/promoting-prosocial-behaviour.html" title="Promoting prosocial behaviour">Promoting prosocial behaviour</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22842/methodology-of-helping-research.html" title="Methodology of helping research">Methodology of helping research</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22844/interpersonal-relationships.html" title="Interpersonal relationships">Interpersonal relationships</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22848/biological-theories-of-attraction.html" title="Biological theories of attraction">Biological theories of attraction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22849/cognitive-theories-of-attraction.html" title="Cognitive theories of attraction">Cognitive theories of attraction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33682/sociocultural-theories-of-attraction.html" title="Sociocultural theories of attraction">Sociocultural theories of attraction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22850/communication-in-relationships.html" title="Communication in relationships">Communication in relationships</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22851/why-relationships-end.html" title="Why relationships end">Why relationships end</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22861/group-dynamics.html" title="Group dynamics">Group dynamics</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22864/cooperation.html" title="Cooperation">Cooperation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22862/prejudice-.html" title="Prejudice ">Prejudice </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22916/discrimination-and-conflict.html" title="Discrimination and conflict">Discrimination and conflict</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22863/conflict-resolution.html" title="Conflict resolution">Conflict resolution</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22847/references-relationships.html" title="References: Relationships">References: Relationships</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22392/10-internal-assessment.html" title="10. Internal assessment">10. Internal assessment</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22394/a-getting-started.html" title="A. Getting started">A. Getting started</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22397/b-introduction.html" title="B. Introduction">B. Introduction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22398/c-exploration.html" title="C. Exploration">C. Exploration</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22399/d-analysis.html" title="D. Analysis">D. Analysis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22400/e-evaluation.html" title="E. Evaluation">E. Evaluation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22401/overview-of-report-format.html" title="Overview of report format">Overview of report format</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22393/11-external-assessment.html" title="11. External assessment">11. External assessment</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24844/paper-1-saqs.html" title="Paper 1: SAQs">Paper 1: SAQs</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24847/writing-erqs.html" title="Writing ERQs">Writing ERQs</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24067/sample-options-essay-.html" title="Sample options essay ">Sample options essay </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24846/the-unseen-passage-paper-3.html" title="The unseen passage: Paper 3">The unseen passage: Paper 3</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23660/command-terms.html" title="Command Terms">Command Terms</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25035/describe-vs-outline.html" title="Describe vs outline">Describe vs outline</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23662/explaining-explain.html" title="Explaining explain">Explaining explain</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23661/discussing-discuss.html" title="Discussing discuss">Discussing discuss</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25037/evaluate-not-just-limitations.html" title="Evaluate - not just limitations">Evaluate - not just limitations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25036/spotting-the-difference-contrast.html" title="Spotting the difference - contrast">Spotting the difference - contrast</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23663/the-extent-of-extent-.html" title="The extent of extent ">The extent of extent </a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class="ancestor parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a class="" href="../35934/student-resources.html" title="Student resources">Student resources</a></li><ul class="level-1 expanded"><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36490/welcome-to-inthinking.html" title="Welcome to Inthinking">Welcome to Inthinking</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45399/podcasts.html" title="Podcasts">Podcasts</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41172/recommended-reading.html" title="Recommended reading">Recommended reading</a></li></ul><li class="ancestor parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a class="" href="../35939/abnormal-psychology.html" title="Abnormal psychology">Abnormal psychology</a></li><ul class="level-2 expanded"><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41257/critical-thinking-activities.html" title="Critical thinking activities">Critical thinking activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27662/checking-understanding-biological-treatments.html" title="Checking understanding: Biological treatments">Checking understanding: Biological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27582/checking-understanding-diagnosis-.html" title="Checking understanding: Diagnosis ">Checking understanding: Diagnosis </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27381/checking-understanding-ethics-in-diagnosis.html" title="Checking understanding: Ethics in diagnosis">Checking understanding: Ethics in diagnosis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27673/checking-understanding-therapy-.html" title="Checking understanding: therapy ">Checking understanding: therapy </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36698/quiz-approaches-to-mdd.html" title="Quiz: Approaches to MDD">Quiz: Approaches to MDD</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24201/key-studies-abnormal.html" title="Key studies: abnormal">Key studies: abnormal</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36496/al-solaim-and-loewenthal-2011.html" title="Al-Solaim and Loewenthal (2011)">Al-Solaim and Loewenthal (2011)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29091/alloy-et-al-1999-.html" title="Alloy et al (1999) ">Alloy et al (1999) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29319/amenson-and-lewinsohn-1981.html" title="Amenson and Lewinsohn (1981)">Amenson and Lewinsohn (1981)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36984/amir-et-al-2015.html" title="Amir et al (2015)">Amir et al (2015)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36592/askari-et-al-2012.html" title="Askari et al (2012)">Askari et al (2012)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24541/becker-et-al-2002.html" title="Becker et al (2002)">Becker et al (2002)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24535/bolton-2002.html" title="Bolton (2002)">Bolton (2002)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37073/braun-et-al-2011.html" title="Braun et al. (2011)">Braun et al. (2011)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24536/brown-harris-1978-.html" title="Brown & Harris (1978) ">Brown & Harris (1978) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24370/caspi-et-al-2003-.html" title="Caspi et al (2003) ">Caspi et al (2003) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37145/chang-et-al-2020.html" title="Chang et al (2020)">Chang et al (2020)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25718/cortisol-hypothesis.html" title="Cortisol hypothesis">Cortisol hypothesis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37071/davidson-et-al-1993.html" title="Davidson et al. (1993)">Davidson et al. (1993)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24534/elkin-et-al-1989-.html" title="Elkin et al (1989) ">Elkin et al (1989) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29307/friedlander-and-stockman-1983.html" title="Friedlander and Stockman (1983)">Friedlander and Stockman (1983)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30039/holland-et-al-1988.html" title="Holland et al (1988)">Holland et al (1988)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29275/joiner-et-al-1999.html" title="Joiner et al (1999)">Joiner et al (1999)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27951/kendler-et-al-2006.html" title="Kendler et al (2006)">Kendler et al (2006)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37155/ladouceur-et-al-2000.html" title="Ladouceur et al. (2000)">Ladouceur et al. (2000)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24540/langer-and-abelson-1974-.html" title="Langer and Abelson (1974) ">Langer and Abelson (1974) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24537/li-repac-1980-.html" title="Li-Repac (1980) ">Li-Repac (1980) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36413/lopatka-and-rachman-1995.html" title="Lopatka and Rachman (1995)">Lopatka and Rachman (1995)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34100/luhrmann-2015.html" title="Luhrmann (2015)">Luhrmann (2015)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36414/myers-and-wells-2013.html" title="Myers and Wells (2013)">Myers and Wells (2013)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29833/nolen-hoeksema-2000.html" title="Nolen Hoeksema (2000)">Nolen Hoeksema (2000)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36628/park-et-al-2020.html" title="Park et al (2020)">Park et al (2020)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24538/parker-et-al-2001-.html" title="Parker et al (2001) ">Parker et al (2001) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27647/rosenhan-1973.html" title="Rosenhan (1973)">Rosenhan (1973)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36495/rosmarin-et-al-2010.html" title="Rosmarin et al (2010)">Rosmarin et al (2010)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27600/serotonin-hypothesis-1967.html" title="Serotonin hypothesis (1967)">Serotonin hypothesis (1967)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36194/shmelkov-et-al-2010-.html" title="Shmelkov et al. (2010) ">Shmelkov et al. (2010) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36193/thobois-et-al-2004.html" title="Thobois et al (2004)">Thobois et al (2004)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28186/weissman-et-al-2005.html" title="Weissman et al (2005)">Weissman et al (2005)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36983/williams-and-grisham-2013.html" title="Williams and Grisham (2013)">Williams and Grisham (2013)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24208/revision-review-abnormal.html" title="Revision (review): Abnormal">Revision (review): Abnormal</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27148/abnormal-glossary.html" title="Abnormal glossary">Abnormal glossary</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27333/presentation-bias-in-diagnosis.html" title="Presentation: Bias in diagnosis">Presentation: Bias in diagnosis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27568/presentation-biology-of-mdd.html" title="Presentation: Biology of MDD">Presentation: Biology of MDD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32532/presentation-biology-of-ptsd.html" title="Presentation: Biology of PTSD">Presentation: Biology of PTSD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27581/presentation-cognition-and-mdd.html" title="Presentation: Cognition and MDD">Presentation: Cognition and MDD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32592/presentation-cognition-and-ptsd.html" title="Presentation: Cognition and PTSD">Presentation: Cognition and PTSD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28547/presentation-culture-in-abnormal.html" title="Presentation: Culture in abnormal">Presentation: Culture in abnormal</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28948/presentation-ethics-in-studying-diagnosis.html" title="Presentation: Ethics in studying diagnosis">Presentation: Ethics in studying diagnosis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27585/presentation-sociocultural-and-mdd.html" title="Presentation: Sociocultural and MDD">Presentation: Sociocultural and MDD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32596/presentation-sociocultural-and-ptsd.html" title="Presentation: Sociocultural and PTSD">Presentation: Sociocultural and PTSD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32421/presentation-validity-of-diagnosis.html" title="Presentation: Validity of diagnosis">Presentation: Validity of diagnosis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27926/study-guide-aetiologies.html" title="Study guide: Aetiologies">Study guide: Aetiologies</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28237/study-guide-diagnosis.html" title="Study guide: Diagnosis">Study guide: Diagnosis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28476/study-guide-treatments.html" title="Study guide: Treatments">Study guide: Treatments</a></li></ul><li class="ancestor parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a class="" href="../24215/writing-samples-abnormal.html" title="Writing samples: Abnormal">Writing samples: Abnormal</a></li><ul class="level-3 expanded"><li class="current" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="erq-marking-cognitive-etiologies.html" title="ERQ marking: Cognitive etiologies">ERQ marking: Cognitive etiologies</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27601/exemplar-biological-explanation-of-mdd.html" title="Exemplar: Biological explanation of MDD">Exemplar: Biological explanation of MDD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27303/exemplar-classification-systems.html" title="Exemplar: Classification systems">Exemplar: Classification systems</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31945/exemplar-clinical-biases.html" title="Exemplar: Clinical biases">Exemplar: Clinical biases</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27602/exemplar-cognitive-etiology-of-mdd.html" title="Exemplar: Cognitive etiology of MDD">Exemplar: Cognitive etiology of MDD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27301/exemplar-concepts-of-normality.html" title="Exemplar: Concepts of normality">Exemplar: Concepts of normality</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31941/exemplar-contrasting-two-therapies.html" title="Exemplar: Contrasting two therapies">Exemplar: Contrasting two therapies</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27305/exemplar-ethical-considerations-in-diagnosis.html" title="Exemplar: Ethical considerations in diagnosis">Exemplar: Ethical considerations in diagnosis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29049/exemplar-prevalence-of-disorders.html" title="Exemplar: Prevalence of disorders">Exemplar: Prevalence of disorders</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36791/exemplar-psychological-treatment-ptsd.html" title="Exemplar: Psychological treatment PTSD">Exemplar: Psychological treatment PTSD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27603/exemplar-sociocultural-etiology-of-mdd.html" title="Exemplar: Sociocultural etiology of MDD">Exemplar: Sociocultural etiology of MDD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27586/exemplar-sociocultural-factors-in-diagnosis.html" title="Exemplar: Sociocultural factors in diagnosis">Exemplar: Sociocultural factors in diagnosis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27304/exemplar-validity-and-reliability.html" title="Exemplar: Validity and reliability">Exemplar: Validity and reliability</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35936/biological-approach.html" title="Biological approach">Biological approach</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41265/critical-thinking-activities.html" title="Critical thinking activities">Critical thinking activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26422/evaluating-wedekind.html" title="Evaluating Wedekind">Evaluating Wedekind</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25972/memory-biological-research.html" title="Memory: Biological research">Memory: Biological research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34241/neurotransmission-checking-understanding.html" title="Neurotransmission: checking understanding">Neurotransmission: checking understanding</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32057/quiz-biology-terminology.html" title="Quiz: biology terminology">Quiz: biology terminology</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27899/research-methods-in-biology.html" title="Research methods in biology">Research methods in biology</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24190/key-studies-biological.html" title="Key studies: biological">Key studies: biological</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25018/antonova-2011.html" title="Antonova (2011)">Antonova (2011)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28461/bailey-pillard-1990-.html" title="Bailey & Pillard (1990) ">Bailey & Pillard (1990) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28462/baumgartner-et-al-2008-.html" title="Baumgartner et al (2008) ">Baumgartner et al (2008) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30048/cases-et-al-1995.html" title="Cases et al (1995)">Cases et al (1995)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28463/caspi-et-al-2003-.html" title="Caspi et al (2003) ">Caspi et al (2003) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28359/draganski-2004.html" title="Draganski (2004)">Draganski (2004)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24260/eugene-pauly-squire-1992-2002.html" title="Eugene Pauly (Squire, 1992, 2002)">Eugene Pauly (Squire, 1992, 2002)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28459/harris-fiske-2006.html" title="Harris & Fiske (2006)">Harris & Fiske (2006)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28458/hm-milner-1966-.html" title="HM: Milner (1966) ">HM: Milner (1966) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33340/is-broca-still-relevant-today.html" title="Is Broca still relevant today?">Is Broca still relevant today?</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28464/levay-1991-.html" title="LeVay (1991) ">LeVay (1991) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24266/maguire-2000.html" title="Maguire (2000)">Maguire (2000)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24255/mcgaugh-cahill-1995.html" title="McGaugh & Cahill (1995)">McGaugh & Cahill (1995)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26506/meaney-et-al-1988-.html" title="Meaney et al (1988) ">Meaney et al (1988) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28454/newcomer-et-al-1999.html" title="Newcomer et al (1999)">Newcomer et al (1999)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31712/prevot-et-al-2019.html" title="Prevot et al (2019)">Prevot et al (2019)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24267/rogers-kesner-2003.html" title="Rogers & Kesner (2003)">Rogers & Kesner (2003)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26358/ronay-and-von-hippel-2010.html" title="Ronay and von Hippel (2010)">Ronay and von Hippel (2010)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24268/rosenzweig-bennet-diamond-1972-.html" title="Rosenzweig, Bennet & Diamond (1972) ">Rosenzweig, Bennet & Diamond (1972) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42225/setiawan-et-al-2013.html" title="Setiawan et al (2013)">Setiawan et al (2013)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28460/sharot-et-al-2007.html" title="Sharot et al (2007)">Sharot et al (2007)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26699/troster-and-beatty-1989.html" title="Troster and Beatty (1989)">Troster and Beatty (1989)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28466/wedekind-1995.html" title="Wedekind (1995)">Wedekind (1995)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28467/weissman-et-al-2005.html" title="Weissman et al (2005)">Weissman et al (2005)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28465/zak-2009.html" title="Zak (2009)">Zak (2009)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28865/zhou-2014.html" title="Zhou (2014)">Zhou (2014)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24191/revision-review-biological.html" title="Revision (review): Biological">Revision (review): Biological</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27589/biology-glossary.html" title="Biology glossary">Biology glossary</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29261/presentation-alzheimers.html" title="Presentation: Alzheimers">Presentation: Alzheimers</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26472/presentation-brain-imaging.html" title="Presentation: Brain imaging">Presentation: Brain imaging</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26471/presentation-ethics-and-animals.html" title="Presentation: Ethics and animals">Presentation: Ethics and animals</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26465/presentation-evolution.html" title="Presentation: Evolution">Presentation: Evolution</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26467/presentation-genetics.html" title="Presentation: Genetics">Presentation: Genetics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27151/presentation-geography-of-the-brain.html" title="Presentation: Geography of the brain">Presentation: Geography of the brain</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26470/presentation-neurotransmission.html" title="Presentation: Neurotransmission">Presentation: Neurotransmission</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26469/presentation-pheromones.html" title="Presentation: Pheromones">Presentation: Pheromones</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26539/revision-genetics-.html" title="Revision: Genetics ">Revision: Genetics </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26538/revision-using-animal-models.html" title="Revision: Using animal models">Revision: Using animal models</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28478/study-guide-animal-research.html" title="Study guide: Animal research">Study guide: Animal research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28156/study-guide-brain-and-behaviour.html" title="Study guide: Brain and behaviour">Study guide: Brain and behaviour</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28158/study-guide-genetics.html" title="Study guide: Genetics">Study guide: Genetics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28157/study-guide-hormones.html" title="Study guide: Hormones">Study guide: Hormones</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24192/writing-samplesbiological.html" title="Writing samples:Biological">Writing samples:Biological</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25283/erq-sample-biological-research-methods.html" title="ERQ sample: Biological Research methods">ERQ sample: Biological Research methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35302/erq-sample-ethics-in-animal-research.html" title="ERQ sample: Ethics in animal research">ERQ sample: Ethics in animal research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25282/erq-sample-ethics-in-genetics-.html" title="ERQ sample: Ethics in genetics ">ERQ sample: Ethics in genetics </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25393/erq-sample-genetics.html" title="ERQ sample: Genetics">ERQ sample: Genetics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28426/erq-sample-genetic-similarity.html" title="ERQ sample: Genetic similarity">ERQ sample: Genetic similarity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28723/erq-marking-animal-models.html" title="ERQ marking: Animal models">ERQ marking: Animal models</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26581/erq-marking-bio-methods.html" title="ERQ marking: Bio methods">ERQ marking: Bio methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26577/erq-marking-brain-imaging.html" title="ERQ marking: Brain imaging">ERQ marking: Brain imaging</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26578/erq-marking-evolution.html" title="ERQ marking: Evolution">ERQ marking: Evolution</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26579/erq-marking-hormones.html" title="ERQ marking: Hormones">ERQ marking: Hormones</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26580/erq-marking-localization.html" title="ERQ marking: Localization">ERQ marking: Localization</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26583/erq-marking-neurotransmission.html" title="ERQ marking: Neurotransmission">ERQ marking: Neurotransmission</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26582/erq-marking-pheromones.html" title="ERQ marking: Pheromones">ERQ marking: Pheromones</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26574/saq-marking-brain-imaging.html" title="SAQ marking: Brain imaging">SAQ marking: Brain imaging</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28722/saq-marking-evolution.html" title="SAQ marking: Evolution">SAQ marking: Evolution</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25819/saq-marking-hormones.html" title="SAQ marking: Hormones">SAQ marking: Hormones</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26576/saq-marking-neuroplasticity.html" title="SAQ marking: Neuroplasticity">SAQ marking: Neuroplasticity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26575/saq-marking-neurotransmission.html" title="SAQ marking: Neurotransmission">SAQ marking: Neurotransmission</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28974/saq-sample-agonists.html" title="SAQ sample: Agonists">SAQ sample: Agonists</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28973/saq-sample-antagonists.html" title="SAQ sample: Antagonists">SAQ sample: Antagonists</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25361/saq-sample-bio-research-methods.html" title="SAQ sample: Bio research methods">SAQ sample: Bio research methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25284/saq-sample-ethics-in-biology.html" title="SAQ sample: Ethics in biology">SAQ sample: Ethics in biology</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25285/saq-sample-evolution.html" title="SAQ sample: Evolution">SAQ sample: Evolution</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31774/saq-sample-excitatory-synapses.html" title="SAQ sample: Excitatory synapses">SAQ sample: Excitatory synapses</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25286/saq-sample-genetics-.html" title="SAQ sample: Genetics ">SAQ sample: Genetics </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26625/saq-marking-genetics.html" title="SAQ marking: Genetics">SAQ marking: Genetics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25290/saq-sample-hormones-.html" title="SAQ sample: Hormones ">SAQ sample: Hormones </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31775/saq-sample-inhibitory-synapses.html" title="SAQ sample: Inhibitory synapses">SAQ sample: Inhibitory synapses</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25287/saq-sample-localization-of-function.html" title="SAQ sample: Localization of function">SAQ sample: Localization of function</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28971/saq-sample-neural-networks.html" title="SAQ sample: Neural networks">SAQ sample: Neural networks</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25389/saq-sample-neuroplasticity.html" title="SAQ sample: Neuroplasticity">SAQ sample: Neuroplasticity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25289/saq-sample-neurotransmission-.html" title="SAQ sample: Neurotransmission ">SAQ sample: Neurotransmission </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25345/saq-sample-pheromones.html" title="SAQ sample: Pheromones">SAQ sample: Pheromones</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25288/saq-sample-studying-the-brain-.html" title="SAQ sample: Studying the brain ">SAQ sample: Studying the brain </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28972/saq-sample-neural-pruning.html" title="SAQ sample: Neural pruning">SAQ sample: Neural pruning</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35937/cognitive-approach.html" title="Cognitive approach">Cognitive approach</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41259/critical-thinking-activities.html" title="Critical thinking activities">Critical thinking activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25807/checking-for-understanding-emotion-memory.html" title="Checking for understanding: Emotion & memory">Checking for understanding: Emotion & memory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34246/checking-for-understanding-schema-theory.html" title="Checking for understanding: Schema theory">Checking for understanding: Schema theory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32271/quiz-cognitive-terminology.html" title="Quiz: Cognitive terminology">Quiz: Cognitive terminology</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24205/key-studies-cognitive.html" title="Key studies: cognitive">Key studies: cognitive</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41865/anderson-and-pitchert-1978.html" title="Anderson and Pitchert (1978)">Anderson and Pitchert (1978)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24249/bahrick-et-al-1975-.html" title="Bahrick et al (1975) ">Bahrick et al (1975) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24248/bartlett-1932-.html" title="Bartlett (1932) ">Bartlett (1932) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24250/berntsen-thomsen-2005.html" title="Berntsen & Thomsen (2005)">Berntsen & Thomsen (2005)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37640/bransford-and-johnson-1972.html" title="Bransford and Johnson (1972)">Bransford and Johnson (1972)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25309/brewer-treyens-1981-.html" title="Brewer & Treyens (1981) ">Brewer & Treyens (1981) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24251/brown-kulik-1977.html" title="Brown & Kulik (1977)">Brown & Kulik (1977)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37260/cox-and-griggs-1982.html" title="Cox and Griggs (1982)">Cox and Griggs (1982)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42224/ebbinghaus-1885.html" title="Ebbinghaus (1885)">Ebbinghaus (1885)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28862/englich-and-mussweiler-2001.html" title="Englich and Mussweiler (2001)">Englich and Mussweiler (2001)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24446/hm-milner-1966-.html" title="HM: Milner (1966) ">HM: Milner (1966) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28457/kulkofsky-et-al-2011.html" title="Kulkofsky et al (2011)">Kulkofsky et al (2011)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28630/landry-and-bartling-2011.html" title="Landry and Bartling (2011)">Landry and Bartling (2011)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24253/loftus-palmer-1974-.html" title="Loftus & Palmer (1974) ">Loftus & Palmer (1974) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24254/loftus-pickrell-1995-.html" title="Loftus & Pickrell (1995) ">Loftus & Pickrell (1995) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33380/mueller-and-oppenheimer-2014.html" title="Mueller and Oppenheimer (2014)">Mueller and Oppenheimer (2014)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24256/neisser-harsch-1992.html" title="Neisser & Harsch (1992)">Neisser & Harsch (1992)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37157/newhagen-and-reeves-1992.html" title="Newhagen and Reeves (1992)">Newhagen and Reeves (1992)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37008/serial-position-effect.html" title="Serial Position Effect">Serial Position Effect</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24371/sharot-et-al-2007.html" title="Sharot et al (2007)">Sharot et al (2007)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34075/sparrow-2011.html" title="Sparrow (2011)">Sparrow (2011)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28861/tversky-and-kahenman-1986.html" title="Tversky and Kahenman (1986)">Tversky and Kahenman (1986)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28864/tversky-and-kahneman-1974.html" title="Tversky and Kahneman (1974)">Tversky and Kahneman (1974)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24261/yuille-cutshall-1986.html" title="Yuille & Cutshall (1986)">Yuille & Cutshall (1986)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24206/revision-review-cognitive.html" title="Revision (review): Cognitive">Revision (review): Cognitive</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27590/cognitive-glossary.html" title="Cognitive glossary">Cognitive glossary</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26466/presentation-dual-processing-model.html" title="Presentation: Dual Processing Model">Presentation: Dual Processing Model</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26468/presentation-reconstructive-memory.html" title="Presentation: Reconstructive memory">Presentation: Reconstructive memory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28828/presentation-schema-theory.html" title="Presentation: Schema theory">Presentation: Schema theory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28554/presentation-working-memory-model.html" title="Presentation: Working Memory Model">Presentation: Working Memory Model</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25783/revision-reliability-of-memory.html" title="Revision: Reliability of memory">Revision: Reliability of memory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28477/study-guide-cognition-and-tech.html" title="Study guide: Cognition and tech">Study guide: Cognition and tech</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28154/study-guide-cognitive-processes.html" title="Study guide: Cognitive processes">Study guide: Cognitive processes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28155/study-guide-reliability-of-cognition.html" title="Study guide: Reliability of cognition">Study guide: Reliability of cognition</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24213/writing-samples-cognitive.html" title="Writing samples: Cognitive">Writing samples: Cognitive</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26705/erq-marking-cognitive-biases.html" title="ERQ marking: Cognitive biases">ERQ marking: Cognitive biases</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28724/erq-marking-effect-of-technology.html" title="ERQ marking: Effect of technology">ERQ marking: Effect of technology</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25866/erq-marking-reliability-of-memory.html" title="ERQ marking: Reliability of memory">ERQ marking: Reliability of memory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35992/erq-sample-cognitive-ethics.html" title="ERQ sample: Cognitive ethics">ERQ sample: Cognitive ethics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25421/erq-sample-cognitive-methods.html" title="ERQ sample: Cognitive methods">ERQ sample: Cognitive methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25870/erq-sample-emotion-and-memory.html" title="ERQ sample: Emotion and memory">ERQ sample: Emotion and memory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25294/erq-sample-memory-models.html" title="ERQ sample: Memory models">ERQ sample: Memory models</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26706/saq-marking-cognitive-biases.html" title="SAQ marking: Cognitive biases">SAQ marking: Cognitive biases</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25817/saq-marking-schema-theory.html" title="SAQ marking: Schema theory">SAQ marking: Schema theory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26624/saq-marking-thinking-models.html" title="SAQ marking: Thinking models">SAQ marking: Thinking models</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25350/saq-sample-cognitive-biases.html" title="SAQ sample: Cognitive biases">SAQ sample: Cognitive biases</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25348/saq-sample-decision-making.html" title="SAQ sample: Decision making">SAQ sample: Decision making</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25295/saq-sample-emotion-and-memory-.html" title="SAQ sample: emotion and memory ">SAQ sample: emotion and memory </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25297/saq-sample-ethics-.html" title="SAQ sample: Ethics ">SAQ sample: Ethics </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25363/saq-sample-memory-models.html" title="SAQ sample: Memory models">SAQ sample: Memory models</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25296/saq-sample-reconstructive-memory.html" title="SAQ sample: Reconstructive memory">SAQ sample: Reconstructive memory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25293/saq-sample-research-methods.html" title="SAQ sample: research methods">SAQ sample: research methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25298/saq-sample-schema-theory-.html" title="SAQ sample: Schema theory ">SAQ sample: Schema theory </a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35940/developmental-psychology.html" title="Developmental psychology">Developmental psychology</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41260/critical-thinking-activities.html" title="Critical thinking activities">Critical thinking activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22227/checking-understanding-trauma-resilience.html" title="Checking understanding: Trauma & resilience">Checking understanding: Trauma & resilience</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24202/key-studies-development.html" title="Key studies: development">Key studies: development</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30041/baillargeon-1986.html" title="Baillargeon (1986)">Baillargeon (1986)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30043/chugani-1999-giedd-2004.html" title="Chugani (1999) & Giedd (2004)">Chugani (1999) & Giedd (2004)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28525/coan-shaefer-and-davidson-2006.html" title="Coan, Shaefer and Davidson (2006)">Coan, Shaefer and Davidson (2006)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31148/coie-and-dodge-1988.html" title="Coie and Dodge (1988)">Coie and Dodge (1988)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24544/condry-condry-1976-.html" title="Condry & Condry (1976) ">Condry & Condry (1976) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29799/curtiss-1977.html" title="Curtiss (1977)">Curtiss (1977)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30037/koluchova-1972.html" title="Koluchova (1972)">Koluchova (1972)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28868/martin-and-halverson-1983.html" title="Martin and Halverson (1983)">Martin and Halverson (1983)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28528/morgan-et-al-2000.html" title="Morgan et al (2000)">Morgan et al (2000)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24543/pollitt-1995-.html" title="Pollitt (1995) ">Pollitt (1995) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28487/rutter-2007.html" title="Rutter (2007)">Rutter (2007)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30038/van-ijzendoor-and-kroonenberg-1988-.html" title="Van Ijzendoor and Kroonenberg (1988) ">Van Ijzendoor and Kroonenberg (1988) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28822/wood-2002.html" title="Wood (2002)">Wood (2002)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24209/revision-review-development.html" title="Revision (review): Development">Revision (review): Development</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27144/development-glossary.html" title="Development glossary">Development glossary</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28849/presentation-attachment.html" title="Presentation: Attachment">Presentation: Attachment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27220/presentation-brain-development.html" title="Presentation: Brain development">Presentation: Brain development</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29079/presentation-gender-identity.html" title="Presentation: Gender identity">Presentation: Gender identity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28523/presentation-peers-and-play.html" title="Presentation: Peers and Play">Presentation: Peers and Play</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27224/presentation-piaget.html" title="Presentation: Piaget">Presentation: Piaget</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28527/presentation-resilience.html" title="Presentation: Resilience">Presentation: Resilience</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29077/presentation-theory-of-mind.html" title="Presentation: Theory of mind">Presentation: Theory of mind</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27223/presentation-vygotsky.html" title="Presentation: Vygotsky">Presentation: Vygotsky</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28475/study-guide-developing-as-a-learner.html" title="Study guide: Developing as a learner">Study guide: Developing as a learner</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28473/study-guide-identity.html" title="Study guide: Identity">Study guide: Identity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28474/study-guide-influences-on-development.html" title="Study guide: Influences on development">Study guide: Influences on development</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24216/writing-samples-development.html" title="Writing samples: Development">Writing samples: Development</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27310/erq-marking-cognitive-development.html" title="ERQ marking: Cognitive development">ERQ marking: Cognitive development</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27187/exemplar-brain-development.html" title="Exemplar: Brain development">Exemplar: Brain development</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24065/exemplar-deprivation-and-trauma.html" title="Exemplar: Deprivation and trauma">Exemplar: Deprivation and trauma</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28644/exemplar-effects-of-poverty.html" title="Exemplar: Effects of poverty">Exemplar: Effects of poverty</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31944/exemplar-gender-identity.html" title="Exemplar: Gender identity">Exemplar: Gender identity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27299/exemplar-peers-and-play.html" title="Exemplar: Peers and play">Exemplar: Peers and play</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28530/exemplar-resilience.html" title="Exemplar: Resilience">Exemplar: Resilience</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31943/exemplar-social-roles.html" title="Exemplar: Social roles">Exemplar: Social roles</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27185/exemplar-theories-of-cognitive-dvpt.html" title="Exemplar: Theories of cognitive dvpt">Exemplar: Theories of cognitive dvpt</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33700/exemplar-theory-of-mind.html" title="Exemplar: Theory of mind">Exemplar: Theory of mind</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35941/health-psychology.html" title="Health psychology">Health psychology</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41261/critical-thinking-activities.html" title="Critical thinking activities">Critical thinking activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27197/checking-understanding-stress.html" title="Checking understanding: Stress">Checking understanding: Stress</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24203/key-studies-health.html" title="Key studies: health">Key studies: health</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33345/cole-kemeny-and-taylor-1997.html" title="Cole, Kemeny and Taylor (1997)">Cole, Kemeny and Taylor (1997)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29393/crum-2011.html" title="Crum (2011)">Crum (2011)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31089/curran-and-hill-2017.html" title="Curran and Hill (2017)">Curran and Hill (2017)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29330/felitti-et-al-1998.html" title="Felitti et al (1998)">Felitti et al (1998)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29050/jamieson-et-al-2011.html" title="Jamieson et al (2011)">Jamieson et al (2011)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28274/joseph-2015.html" title="Joseph (2015)">Joseph (2015)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24546/kiecolt-glaser-1984-.html" title="Kiecolt-Glaser (1984) ">Kiecolt-Glaser (1984) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28273/koch-2008.html" title="Koch (2008)">Koch (2008)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28636/lowe-et-al-2004.html" title="Lowe et al (2004)">Lowe et al (2004)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24545/marmot-et-al-1997-.html" title="Marmot et al (1997) ">Marmot et al (1997) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24372/newcomer-et-al-1999-.html" title="Newcomer et al (1999) ">Newcomer et al (1999) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28217/roseman-et-al-1976.html" title="Roseman et al (1976)">Roseman et al (1976)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29306/sapolsky-1990-2005.html" title="Sapolsky (1990, 2005)">Sapolsky (1990, 2005)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28275/sedentary-lifestyle.html" title="Sedentary lifestyle">Sedentary lifestyle</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28856/sorensen-et-al-1992.html" title="Sorensen et al (1992)">Sorensen et al (1992)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20657/speisman-et-al-1964.html" title="Speisman et al (1964)">Speisman et al (1964)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29320/tung-et-al-2012.html" title="Tung et al (2012)">Tung et al (2012)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30040/weinstein-1983.html" title="Weinstein (1983)">Weinstein (1983)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24210/revision-review-health.html" title="Revision (review): Health">Revision (review): Health</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27240/health-glossary.html" title="Health glossary">Health glossary</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28342/presentation-biology-of-obesity.html" title="Presentation: Biology of obesity">Presentation: Biology of obesity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34645/presentation-cognition-and-addiction.html" title="Presentation: Cognition and addiction">Presentation: Cognition and addiction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28343/presentation-cognition-and-obesity.html" title="Presentation: Cognition and obesity">Presentation: Cognition and obesity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27221/presentation-cognition-and-stress.html" title="Presentation: Cognition and stress">Presentation: Cognition and stress</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34503/presentation-defining-addiction.html" title="Presentation: Defining addiction">Presentation: Defining addiction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28661/presentation-effectiveness-of-programs.html" title="Presentation: Effectiveness of programs">Presentation: Effectiveness of programs</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28820/presentation-health-promotion.html" title="Presentation: Health promotion">Presentation: Health promotion</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27222/presentation-physiology-of-stress.html" title="Presentation: Physiology of stress">Presentation: Physiology of stress</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28387/presentation-prevalence-in-health.html" title="Presentation: Prevalence in health">Presentation: Prevalence in health</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34654/presentation-sociocultural-addiction.html" title="Presentation: Sociocultural addiction">Presentation: Sociocultural addiction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28837/presentation-sociocultural-aspects-of-stress.html" title="Presentation: Sociocultural aspects of stress">Presentation: Sociocultural aspects of stress</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28240/study-guide-addiction.html" title="Study guide: Addiction">Study guide: Addiction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28241/study-guide-determinants-of-health.html" title="Study guide: Determinants of health">Study guide: Determinants of health</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28472/study-guide-health-promotion.html" title="Study guide: Health promotion">Study guide: Health promotion</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28239/study-guide-obesity.html" title="Study guide: Obesity">Study guide: Obesity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28238/study-guide-stress.html" title="Study guide: Stress">Study guide: Stress</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24217/writing-samples-health.html" title="Writing samples: Health">Writing samples: Health</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28244/exemplar-biological-approach-to-addiction.html" title="Exemplar: Biological approach to addiction">Exemplar: Biological approach to addiction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28236/exemplar-biopsychosocial-model.html" title="Exemplar: Biopsychosocial model">Exemplar: Biopsychosocial model</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28242/exemplar-cognitive-approach-to-stress.html" title="Exemplar: Cognitive approach to stress">Exemplar: Cognitive approach to stress</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31521/exemplar-effectiveness-of-programs.html" title="Exemplar: Effectiveness of programs">Exemplar: Effectiveness of programs</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28271/exemplar-ethics-and-health-problems.html" title="Exemplar: Ethics and health problems">Exemplar: Ethics and health problems</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33701/exemplar-ethics-health-promotion.html" title="Exemplar: Ethics health promotion">Exemplar: Ethics health promotion</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28245/exemplar-health-beliefs.html" title="Exemplar: Health beliefs">Exemplar: Health beliefs</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27435/exemplar-limitations-of-health-research.html" title="Exemplar: Limitations of health research">Exemplar: Limitations of health research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28234/exemplar-research-methods.html" title="Exemplar: Research methods">Exemplar: Research methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28251/exemplar-risk-and-protective-factors.html" title="Exemplar: Risk and protective factors">Exemplar: Risk and protective factors</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28243/exemplar-sociocultural-approach-to-obesity.html" title="Exemplar: Sociocultural approach to obesity">Exemplar: Sociocultural approach to obesity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31366/exemplar-sociocultural-factors-in-stress.html" title="Exemplar: Sociocultural factors in stress">Exemplar: Sociocultural factors in stress</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35942/human-relationships.html" title="Human relationships">Human relationships</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41256/critical-thinking-activities.html" title="Critical thinking activities">Critical thinking activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25681/checking-understanding-biology-of-attraction.html" title="Checking understanding: Biology of attraction">Checking understanding: Biology of attraction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28019/checking-understanding-communication.html" title="Checking understanding: Communication">Checking understanding: Communication</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34266/checking-understanding-prosocial-behaviour.html" title="Checking understanding: Prosocial behaviour">Checking understanding: Prosocial behaviour</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18895/relationships-revision-jeopardy.html" title="Relationships revision jeopardy">Relationships revision jeopardy</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24204/key-studies-human-relationships.html" title="Key studies: human relationships">Key studies: human relationships</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24368/bailey-pillard-1990.html" title="Bailey & Pillard (1990)">Bailey & Pillard (1990)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24373/baumgartner-et-al-2008-.html" title="Baumgartner et al (2008) ">Baumgartner et al (2008) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29259/beaman-et-al-1978.html" title="Beaman et al (1978)">Beaman et al (1978)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29302/bradbury-and-fincham-1992.html" title="Bradbury and Fincham (1992)">Bradbury and Fincham (1992)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30044/clark-and-hatfield-1989.html" title="Clark and Hatfield (1989)">Clark and Hatfield (1989)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24547/darley-batson-1973-.html" title="Darley & Batson (1973) ">Darley & Batson (1973) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28855/dion-et-al-1972.html" title="Dion et al (1972)">Dion et al (1972)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31383/drury-et-al-2009.html" title="Drury et al (2009)">Drury et al (2009)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28869/fein-and-spencer-1997.html" title="Fein and Spencer (1997)">Fein and Spencer (1997)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24369/levay-1991-.html" title="LeVay (1991) ">LeVay (1991) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28390/marsh-et-al-2014.html" title="Marsh et al (2014)">Marsh et al (2014)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29403/novotny-and-polonsky-2011.html" title="Novotny and Polonsky (2011)">Novotny and Polonsky (2011)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29392/payne-2001.html" title="Payne (2001)">Payne (2001)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28401/piliavin-et-al-1969.html" title="Piliavin et al (1969)">Piliavin et al (1969)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24376/sherif-et-al-1954.html" title="Sherif et al (1954)">Sherif et al (1954)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24378/wedekind-1995.html" title="Wedekind (1995)">Wedekind (1995)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24377/zak-2009.html" title="Zak (2009)">Zak (2009)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24211/revision-review-relationships.html" title="Revision (review): Relationships">Revision (review): Relationships</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28485/presentation-bystanderism.html" title="Presentation: Bystanderism">Presentation: Bystanderism</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34263/presentation-communication.html" title="Presentation: Communication">Presentation: Communication</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28779/presentation-conflict-and-resolution.html" title="Presentation: Conflict and resolution">Presentation: Conflict and resolution</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28733/presentation-cooperation-and-competition.html" title="Presentation: Cooperation and competition">Presentation: Cooperation and competition</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28483/presentation-origins-of-prosocial-.html" title="Presentation: Origins of prosocial ">Presentation: Origins of prosocial </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28737/presentation-prejudice-.html" title="Presentation: Prejudice ">Presentation: Prejudice </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28484/presentation-promoting-prosocial.html" title="Presentation: Promoting prosocial">Presentation: Promoting prosocial</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28486/presentation-why-relationships-end.html" title="Presentation: Why relationships end">Presentation: Why relationships end</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27149/relationships-glossary.html" title="Relationships glossary">Relationships glossary</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28469/study-guide-group-dynamics.html" title="Study guide: Group dynamics">Study guide: Group dynamics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28471/study-guide-personal-relationships.html" title="Study guide: Personal relationships">Study guide: Personal relationships</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28470/study-guide-social-responsibility.html" title="Study guide: Social responsibility">Study guide: Social responsibility</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24218/writing-samples-relationships.html" title="Writing samples: Relationships">Writing samples: Relationships</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28727/erq-marking-biology-in-relationships.html" title="ERQ marking: Biology in relationships">ERQ marking: Biology in relationships</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28424/exemplar-biology-of-social-responsibility.html" title="Exemplar: Biology of social responsibility">Exemplar: Biology of social responsibility</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28427/exemplar-cognition-and-attraction.html" title="Exemplar: Cognition and attraction">Exemplar: Cognition and attraction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28423/exemplar-communication-.html" title="Exemplar: Communication ">Exemplar: Communication </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28429/exemplar-ending-relationships.html" title="Exemplar: Ending relationships">Exemplar: Ending relationships</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28425/exemplar-ethics-and-bystanderism.html" title="Exemplar: Ethics and bystanderism">Exemplar: Ethics and bystanderism</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28430/exemplar-promoting-prosocial.html" title="Exemplar: Promoting prosocial">Exemplar: Promoting prosocial</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28428/exemplar-sociocultural-and-attraction.html" title="Exemplar: Sociocultural and attraction">Exemplar: Sociocultural and attraction</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35935/research-methods.html" title="Research methods">Research methods</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41262/critical-thinking-activities.html" title="Critical thinking activities">Critical thinking activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24379/choosing-the-best-method.html" title="Choosing the best method">Choosing the best method</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41275/exploring-psychology-myths.html" title="Exploring psychology myths">Exploring psychology myths</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24399/fundamentals-of-research-quiz-1-.html" title="Fundamentals of Research Quiz 1 ">Fundamentals of Research Quiz 1 </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24400/fundamentals-of-research-quiz-2.html" title="Fundamentals of Research Quiz 2">Fundamentals of Research Quiz 2</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32061/quiz-experimental-research-terminology.html" title="Quiz: Experimental research terminology">Quiz: Experimental research terminology</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24402/quiz-introduction-to-research.html" title="Quiz: Introduction to research">Quiz: Introduction to research</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24212/revision-review-research.html" title="Revision (review): Research">Revision (review): Research</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17886/basic-concepts.html" title="Basic concepts">Basic concepts</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17988/case-studies.html" title="Case studies">Case studies</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24398/experimental-designs-revision.html" title="Experimental designs revision">Experimental designs revision</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17986/interviews.html" title="Interviews">Interviews</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17987/observations.html" title="Observations">Observations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31111/presentation-what-is-a-theory.html" title="Presentation: What is a theory">Presentation: What is a theory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27588/qualitative-methods-glossary.html" title="Qualitative methods glossary">Qualitative methods glossary</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27592/quantitative-methods-glossary.html" title="Quantitative methods glossary">Quantitative methods glossary</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17985/sampling-techniques.html" title="Sampling techniques">Sampling techniques</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35938/sociocultural-approach.html" title="Sociocultural approach">Sociocultural approach</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41263/critical-thinking-activities.html" title="Critical thinking activities">Critical thinking activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24901/checking-understanding-ethics-in-sociocultural.html" title="Checking understanding: Ethics in sociocultural">Checking understanding: Ethics in sociocultural</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27043/checking-understanding-sit.html" title="Checking understanding: SIT">Checking understanding: SIT</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36288/quiz-drury-et-al-2009.html" title="Quiz: Drury et al (2009)">Quiz: Drury et al (2009)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36393/quiz-hilliard-and-liben.html" title="Quiz: Hilliard and Liben">Quiz: Hilliard and Liben</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32080/quiz-sociocultural-terminology.html" title="Quiz: Sociocultural terminology">Quiz: Sociocultural terminology</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24898/research-methods-sociocultural.html" title="Research methods sociocultural">Research methods sociocultural</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24200/key-studies-sociocultural.html" title="Key studies: sociocultural">Key studies: sociocultural</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24238/abrams-et-al-1990-.html" title="Abrams et al (1990) ">Abrams et al (1990) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24239/asch-1956-.html" title="Asch (1956) ">Asch (1956) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29404/bagby-and-rector-1992.html" title="Bagby and Rector (1992)">Bagby and Rector (1992)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29347/bandura-1961.html" title="Bandura (1961)">Bandura (1961)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24240/berry-1967.html" title="Berry (1967)">Berry (1967)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36632/charlton-et-al-2002.html" title="Charlton et al (2002)">Charlton et al (2002)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27270/chen-et-al-2005.html" title="Chen et al (2005)">Chen et al (2005)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31373/drury-et-al-2009-.html" title="Drury et al (2009) ">Drury et al (2009) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31090/fagot-1978.html" title="Fagot (1978)">Fagot (1978)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24241/festinger-1956-.html" title="Festinger (1956) ">Festinger (1956) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31786/greenfield-2006.html" title="Greenfield (2006)">Greenfield (2006)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28867/hamilton-and-gifford-1976.html" title="Hamilton and Gifford (1976)">Hamilton and Gifford (1976)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24375/harris-fiske-2006.html" title="Harris & Fiske (2006)">Harris & Fiske (2006)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36369/hilliard-and-liben-2010.html" title="Hilliard and Liben (2010)">Hilliard and Liben (2010)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24252/kearins-1981-.html" title="Kearins (1981) ">Kearins (1981) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42864/kimball-1986.html" title="Kimball (1986)">Kimball (1986)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24367/kulkofsky-et-al-2011.html" title="Kulkofsky et al (2011)">Kulkofsky et al (2011)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37130/lueck-and-wilson-2010.html" title="Lueck and Wilson (2010)">Lueck and Wilson (2010)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29346/norasakkunkit-uchida-2014.html" title="Norasakkunkit & Uchida (2014)">Norasakkunkit & Uchida (2014)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24244/rogers-frantz-1961-.html" title="Rogers & Frantz (1961) ">Rogers & Frantz (1961) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28456/sherif-et-al-1954.html" title="Sherif et al (1954)">Sherif et al (1954)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24247/steele-aronson-1995-.html" title="Steele & Aronson (1995) ">Steele & Aronson (1995) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24245/tajfel-1971-.html" title="Tajfel (1971) ">Tajfel (1971) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33341/understanding-milgram-1963.html" title="Understanding Milgram (1963)">Understanding Milgram (1963)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31092/wood-2002.html" title="Wood (2002)">Wood (2002)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39263/zhang-winterich-mittal-2010-.html" title="Zhang, Winterich & Mittal (2010) ">Zhang, Winterich & Mittal (2010) </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24207/revision-review-sociocultural.html" title="Revision (review): Sociocultural">Revision (review): Sociocultural</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28378/presentation-acculturation.html" title="Presentation: Acculturation">Presentation: Acculturation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28384/presentation-contact-hypothesis.html" title="Presentation: Contact hypothesis">Presentation: Contact hypothesis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28940/presentation-cultural-dimensions.html" title="Presentation: Cultural dimensions">Presentation: Cultural dimensions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28386/presentation-globalization.html" title="Presentation: Globalization">Presentation: Globalization</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27591/sociocultural-glossary.html" title="Sociocultural glossary">Sociocultural glossary</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28060/study-guide-culture.html" title="Study guide: Culture">Study guide: Culture</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28396/study-guide-globalization.html" title="Study guide: Globalization">Study guide: Globalization</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28009/study-guide-individual-and-the-group.html" title="Study guide: Individual and the group">Study guide: Individual and the group</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24214/writing-samples-sociocultural.html" title="Writing samples: Sociocultural">Writing samples: Sociocultural</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34576/erq-sample-acculturation.html" title="ERQ sample: Acculturation">ERQ sample: Acculturation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36918/erq-sample-formation-of-stereotypes.html" title="ERQ sample: Formation of stereotypes">ERQ sample: Formation of stereotypes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25013/erq-marking-cultural-dimensions.html" title="ERQ marking: Cultural dimensions">ERQ marking: Cultural dimensions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28725/erq-marking-globalization-methods.html" title="ERQ marking: Globalization methods">ERQ marking: Globalization methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26704/erq-marking-sociocultural-methods.html" title="ERQ marking: Sociocultural methods">ERQ marking: Sociocultural methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25203/erq-marking-sct.html" title="ERQ marking: SCT">ERQ marking: SCT</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25412/erq-sample-cultural-dimensions.html" title="ERQ sample: Cultural dimensions">ERQ sample: Cultural dimensions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28391/erq-sample-enculturation.html" title="ERQ sample: Enculturation">ERQ sample: Enculturation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25202/erq-sample-ethics-sociocultural-.html" title="ERQ sample: Ethics Sociocultural ">ERQ sample: Ethics Sociocultural </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25147/erq-sample-sct.html" title="ERQ Sample: SCT">ERQ Sample: SCT</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26626/saq-marking-cultural-dimensions.html" title="SAQ marking: cultural dimensions">SAQ marking: cultural dimensions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28720/saq-marking-enculturation.html" title="SAQ marking: Enculturation">SAQ marking: Enculturation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24907/saq-marking-research-methods.html" title="SAQ marking: Research methods">SAQ marking: Research methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25301/saq-marking-stereotyping.html" title="SAQ marking: Stereotyping">SAQ marking: Stereotyping</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25351/saq-sample-acculturation.html" title="SAQ sample: Acculturation">SAQ sample: Acculturation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25362/saq-sample-cultural-dimensions.html" title="SAQ sample: Cultural dimensions">SAQ sample: Cultural dimensions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25342/saq-sample-culture-and-memory.html" title="SAQ sample: Culture and memory">SAQ sample: Culture and memory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25344/saq-sample-enculturation.html" title="SAQ sample: Enculturation">SAQ sample: Enculturation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25009/saq-sample-ethics-in-the-sca.html" title="SAQ sample: Ethics in the SCA">SAQ sample: Ethics in the SCA</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24904/saq-sample-research-methods.html" title="SAQ sample: Research methods">SAQ sample: Research methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25148/saq-sample-sct-.html" title="SAQ sample: SCT ">SAQ sample: SCT </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25012/saq-sample-social-identity-theory.html" title="SAQ sample: Social Identity Theory">SAQ sample: Social Identity Theory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25199/saq-sample-stereotyping-.html" title="SAQ sample: Stereotyping ">SAQ sample: Stereotyping </a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25491/practicing-paper-3.html" title="Practicing Paper 3">Practicing Paper 3</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26921/case-study-domestic-violence.html" title="Case study: Domestic violence">Case study: Domestic violence</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26927/case-study-ib-stress.html" title="Case study: IB Stress">Case study: IB Stress</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28185/case-study-moms-and-childhood-obesity.html" title="Case study: Moms and childhood obesity">Case study: Moms and childhood obesity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26918/case-study-ptsd-in-children.html" title="Case study: PTSD in children">Case study: PTSD in children</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26926/case-study-shopping-in-prague.html" title="Case study: Shopping in Prague">Case study: Shopping in Prague</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32597/correlation-aces-and-ptsd.html" title="Correlation: ACEs and PTSD">Correlation: ACEs and PTSD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32431/ethics-reporting-and-application.html" title="Ethics: reporting and application">Ethics: reporting and application</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31149/experiment-exercise-and-memory.html" title="Experiment: Exercise and memory">Experiment: Exercise and memory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28638/experiment-learning-to-use-condoms.html" title="Experiment: Learning to use condoms">Experiment: Learning to use condoms</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28216/experiment-self-efficacy-and-pedometers.html" title="Experiment: Self-efficacy and pedometers">Experiment: Self-efficacy and pedometers</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28418/experiment-subway-samaritans.html" title="Experiment: Subway samaritans">Experiment: Subway samaritans</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26928/focus-group-climate-change-denial.html" title="Focus group: Climate change denial">Focus group: Climate change denial</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26929/focus-group-stigma-and-mental-illness-.html" title="Focus group: Stigma and mental illness ">Focus group: Stigma and mental illness </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25498/focus-group-the-use-of-ecstasy.html" title="Focus group: The use of ecstasy">Focus group: The use of ecstasy</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34639/focus-group-tpb-and-wine-consumption.html" title="Focus group: TPB and wine consumption">Focus group: TPB and wine consumption</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28738/focus-group-youre-from-brixton.html" title="Focus group: You're from Brixton?">Focus group: You're from Brixton?</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26919/natural-experment-smoking-bans.html" title="Natural experment: Smoking bans">Natural experment: Smoking bans</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26925/observation-aggression-in-hockey-players.html" title="Observation: Aggression in hockey players">Observation: Aggression in hockey players</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26922/observation-group-glee-in-preschool.html" title="Observation: Group glee in preschool">Observation: Group glee in preschool</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26920/observation-play-at-mcdonalds-.html" title="Observation: Play at McDonald's ">Observation: Play at McDonald's </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26924/observation-self-identification-as-homeless.html" title="Observation: Self-identification as homeless">Observation: Self-identification as homeless</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28838/presentation-avoiding-bias.html" title="Presentation: Avoiding bias">Presentation: Avoiding bias</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28839/presentation-ensuring-credibility.html" title="Presentation: Ensuring credibility">Presentation: Ensuring credibility</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28844/presentation-generalizability.html" title="Presentation: Generalizability">Presentation: Generalizability</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28345/quasi-experiment-food-mind-set.html" title="Quasi experiment: Food mind-set">Quasi experiment: Food mind-set</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33193/revision-evaluating-methods.html" title="Revision: Evaluating methods">Revision: Evaluating methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26923/structured-interview-placebo-in-sports.html" title="Structured interview: Placebo in sports">Structured interview: Placebo in sports</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28215/structured-interview-sun-bathing.html" title="Structured interview: Sun-bathing">Structured interview: Sun-bathing</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26914/unstructured-interviews-congo-refugees.html" title="Unstructured interviews: Congo Refugees">Unstructured interviews: Congo Refugees</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26916/unstructured-interviews-stress.html" title="Unstructured interviews: Stress">Unstructured interviews: Stress</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24184/internal-assessment.html" title="Internal Assessment">Internal Assessment</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34223/ia-rubric-quiz.html" title="IA Rubric Quiz">IA Rubric Quiz</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24187/getting-started-with-ia.html" title="Getting started with IA">Getting started with IA</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24188/ia-menu-1.html" title="IA Menu 1">IA Menu 1</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31317/ia-menu-2.html" title="IA Menu 2">IA Menu 2</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26712/ideas-for-internal-assessment.html" title="Ideas for Internal Assessment">Ideas for Internal Assessment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26727/instructions-debriefing-.html" title="Instructions & debriefing ">Instructions & debriefing </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26720/introduction-to-ia-presentation.html" title="Introduction to IA presentation">Introduction to IA presentation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26730/the-letter-of-consent.html" title="The Letter of Consent">The Letter of Consent</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26717/writing-the-ia.html" title="Writing the IA">Writing the IA</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26716/internal-assessment-checklist.html" title="Internal assessment checklist">Internal assessment checklist</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26726/tips-for-ia.html" title="Tips for IA">Tips for IA</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26741/writing-the-procedure.html" title="Writing the procedure">Writing the procedure</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26734/writing-the-introduction.html" title="Writing the Introduction">Writing the Introduction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26736/writing-the-exploration.html" title="Writing the Exploration">Writing the Exploration</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26738/writing-the-analysis.html" title="Writing the Analysis">Writing the Analysis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26740/writing-the-evaluation.html" title="Writing the Evaluation">Writing the Evaluation</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26005/internal-assessments-samples-and-marking.html" title="Internal assessments: Samples and marking">Internal assessments: Samples and marking</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25999/ia-exemplar-high.html" title="IA Exemplar High">IA Exemplar High</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26002/ia-exemplar-medium.html" title="IA Exemplar Medium">IA Exemplar Medium</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26003/ia-exemplar-low.html" title="IA Exemplar Low">IA Exemplar Low</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26708/ia-marking-sample-1.html" title="IA marking: Sample 1">IA marking: Sample 1</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30933/ia-marking-sample-2.html" title="IA marking: Sample 2">IA marking: Sample 2</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30937/ia-marking-sample-3.html" title="IA marking: Sample 3">IA marking: Sample 3</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30935/ia-marking-sample-4.html" title="IA marking: Sample 4">IA marking: Sample 4</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30936/ia-marking-sample-5.html" title="IA marking: Sample 5">IA marking: Sample 5</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30934/ia-marking-sample-6.html" title="IA marking: Sample 6">IA marking: Sample 6</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31737/statistics.html" title="Statistics">Statistics</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32931/anova.html" title="ANOVA">ANOVA</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32653/binomial-sign-test.html" title="Binomial Sign Test">Binomial Sign Test</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33732/box-and-whisker-plots.html" title="Box and whisker plots">Box and whisker plots</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32797/chi-squared.html" title="Chi squared">Chi squared</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26733/chi-squared-calculator.html" title="Chi Squared Calculator">Chi Squared Calculator</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29332/chi-squared-practice-problems.html" title="Chi squared: Practice problems">Chi squared: Practice problems</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32796/independent-samples-t-tests.html" title="Independent samples t-tests">Independent samples t-tests</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24429/interpreting-significance-.html" title="Interpreting significance ">Interpreting significance </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32651/mann-whitney-u-test.html" title="Mann Whitney U Test">Mann Whitney U Test</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32933/paired-sample-t-tests-.html" title="Paired sample t-tests ">Paired sample t-tests </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32616/power-and-statistics.html" title="Power and statistics">Power and statistics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26722/statistics-revision-presentation.html" title="Statistics revision presentation">Statistics revision presentation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24408/testing-for-significance.html" title="Testing for significance">Testing for significance</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32652/wilcoxon-signed-ranks-test.html" title="Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test">Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32614/what-to-do-with-outliers.html" title="What to do with outliers">What to do with outliers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../144/extended-essay.html" title="Extended Essay">Extended Essay</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../7400/getting-started-with-ee.html" title="Getting started with EE">Getting started with EE</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23355/dos-and-donts-for-ee.html" title="Do's and Don'ts for EE">Do's and Don'ts for EE</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37123/ee-overview-presentation.html" title="EE overview presentation">EE overview presentation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../16138/evaluating-ee-questions.html" title="Evaluating EE questions">Evaluating EE questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35944/finding-relevant-sources.html" title="Finding relevant sources">Finding relevant sources</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22165/how-to-read-a-journal-article.html" title="How to read a journal article">How to read a journal article</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../7401/writing-the-extended-essay.html" title="Writing the Extended Essay">Writing the Extended Essay</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21689/ee-criterion-a-focus-method.html" title="EE Criterion A. Focus & method">EE Criterion A. Focus & method</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18898/ee-introductions.html" title="EE introductions">EE introductions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21690/ee-criterion-b-knowledge.html" title="EE Criterion B. Knowledge">EE Criterion B. Knowledge</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21691/ee-criterion-c-critical-thinking.html" title="EE Criterion C. Critical thinking">EE Criterion C. Critical thinking</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../7405/structuring-an-argument.html" title="Structuring an argument">Structuring an argument</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21692/ee-criterion-d-presentation.html" title="EE Criterion D. Presentation">EE Criterion D. Presentation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39048/mastering-presentation.html" title="Mastering presentation">Mastering presentation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../7408/citing-sources.html" title="Citing sources">Citing sources</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../14943/how-to-make-a-toc-in-word.html" title="How to make a TOC in Word">How to make a TOC in Word</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21693/ee-criterion-e-engagement.html" title="EE Criterion E. Engagement">EE Criterion E. Engagement</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24842/final-submission-ppt.html" title="Final submission ppt">Final submission ppt</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22579/reflecting-on-the-ee-.html" title="Reflecting on the EE ">Reflecting on the EE </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26197/reflections-high-sample.html" title="Reflections - high sample">Reflections - high sample</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26199/reflections-low-sample.html" title="Reflections - low sample">Reflections - low sample</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26198/reflections-mid-sample.html" title="Reflections - mid sample">Reflections - mid sample</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24840/sample-reflection.html" title="Sample reflection">Sample reflection</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24838/ee-sample-marking.html" title="EE sample marking">EE sample marking</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25595/sample-1-durability-of-relationships.html" title="Sample 1: Durability of relationships">Sample 1: Durability of relationships</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19376/ee-self-review-questions.html" title="EE: Self review questions">EE: Self review questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35013/personalized-learning.html" title="Personalized learning">Personalized learning</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34922/module-animal-research.html" title="Module: Animal research">Module: Animal research</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34951/why-use-animals.html" title="Why use animals?">Why use animals?</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34952/animal-research-brain-and-behaviour.html" title="Animal research: Brain and behaviour">Animal research: Brain and behaviour</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34953/animal-research-hormones.html" title="Animal research: Hormones">Animal research: Hormones</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34954/animal-research-genetics.html" title="Animal research: Genetics">Animal research: Genetics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34955/animal-research-ethics.html" title="Animal research: Ethics">Animal research: Ethics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34956/animal-research-final-assessment.html" title="Animal research: Final assessment">Animal research: Final assessment</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35995/module-anorexia-nervosa.html" title="Module: Anorexia nervosa">Module: Anorexia nervosa</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36121/diagnosing-anorexia.html" title="Diagnosing anorexia">Diagnosing anorexia</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36122/anorexia-biological-explanations.html" title="Anorexia: Biological explanations">Anorexia: Biological explanations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36123/anorexia-cognitive-explanations.html" title="Anorexia: Cognitive explanations">Anorexia: Cognitive explanations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36124/anorexia-sociocultural-explanations.html" title="Anorexia: Sociocultural explanations">Anorexia: Sociocultural explanations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36140/anorexia-methods-and-ethics.html" title="Anorexia: Methods and ethics">Anorexia: Methods and ethics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36125/prevalence-of-disorders-anorexia.html" title="Prevalence of disorders: Anorexia">Prevalence of disorders: Anorexia</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36145/anorexia-final-assessment.html" title="Anorexia: Final assessment">Anorexia: Final assessment</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35996/module-anxiety-disorders.html" title="Module: Anxiety disorders">Module: Anxiety disorders</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37318/module-biological-revision.html" title="Module: Biological revision">Module: Biological revision</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37330/revision-genetics.html" title="Revision: Genetics">Revision: Genetics</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37197/module-cognitive-revision-.html" title="Module: Cognitive revision ">Module: Cognitive revision </a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34730/module-genetics.html" title="Module: Genetics">Module: Genetics</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34731/genetic-similarity.html" title="Genetic similarity">Genetic similarity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34733/human-genome-project.html" title="Human Genome Project">Human Genome Project</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34734/epigenetics.html" title="Epigenetics">Epigenetics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34735/research-methods-genetics.html" title="Research methods: genetics">Research methods: genetics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34736/ethical-considerations-genetics.html" title="Ethical considerations: Genetics">Ethical considerations: Genetics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34737/genetics-final-assessment.html" title="Genetics: Final assessment">Genetics: Final assessment</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34924/module-globalization.html" title="Module: Globalization">Module: Globalization</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34941/what-is-globalization.html" title="What is globalization">What is globalization</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34942/globalization-and-behaviour.html" title="Globalization and behaviour">Globalization and behaviour</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34943/globalization-research-methods.html" title="Globalization: Research methods">Globalization: Research methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34944/globalization-final-assessment.html" title="Globalization: Final assessment">Globalization: Final assessment</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35994/module-major-depressive-disorder.html" title="Module: Major Depressive Disorder">Module: Major Depressive Disorder</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36111/diagnosing-mdd.html" title="Diagnosing MDD">Diagnosing MDD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36112/mdd-biological-explanations.html" title="MDD: Biological explanations">MDD: Biological explanations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36113/mdd-cognitive-explanations.html" title="MDD: Cognitive explanations">MDD: Cognitive explanations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36114/mdd-sociocultural-explanations.html" title="MDD: Sociocultural explanations">MDD: Sociocultural explanations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36136/mdd-methods-and-ethics.html" title="MDD: Methods and ethics">MDD: Methods and ethics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36115/prevalence-of-disorders-mdd.html" title="Prevalence of disorders: MDD">Prevalence of disorders: MDD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36143/mdd-final-assessment.html" title="MDD: Final assessment">MDD: Final assessment</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35997/module-ocd.html" title="Module: OCD">Module: OCD</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35993/module-ptsd.html" title="Module: PTSD">Module: PTSD</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36116/diagnosing-ptsd.html" title="Diagnosing PTSD">Diagnosing PTSD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36117/ptsd-biological-explanations.html" title="PTSD: Biological explanations">PTSD: Biological explanations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36118/ptsd-cognitive-explanations.html" title="PTSD: Cognitive explanations">PTSD: Cognitive explanations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36119/ptsd-sociocultural-explanations.html" title="PTSD: Sociocultural explanations">PTSD: Sociocultural explanations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36137/ptsd-methods-and-ethics.html" title="PTSD: Methods and ethics">PTSD: Methods and ethics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36120/prevalence-of-disorders-ptsd.html" title="Prevalence of disorders: PTSD">Prevalence of disorders: PTSD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36144/ptsd-final-assessment.html" title="PTSD: Final assessment">PTSD: Final assessment</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35321/module-qualitative-research-methods.html" title="Module: Qualitative research methods">Module: Qualitative research methods</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35324/qualitative-research.html" title="Qualitative research">Qualitative research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35323/naturalistic-observations.html" title="Naturalistic observations">Naturalistic observations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35322/interviews.html" title="Interviews">Interviews</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35325/case-studies-and-triangulation.html" title="Case studies and triangulation">Case studies and triangulation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35326/ethics-in-qualitative-research.html" title="Ethics in qualitative research">Ethics in qualitative research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34364/generalizability-in-qualitative-research.html" title="Generalizability in qualitative research">Generalizability in qualitative research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34365/credibility-and-qualitative-research.html" title="Credibility and qualitative research">Credibility and qualitative research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34366/bias-in-qualitative-research.html" title="Bias in qualitative research">Bias in qualitative research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35327/natural-observations-final-assessment.html" title="Natural observations: Final assessment">Natural observations: Final assessment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35419/interviews-final-assessment.html" title="Interviews: Final Assessment">Interviews: Final Assessment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35420/case-studies-final-assessment.html" title="Case studies: Final assessment">Case studies: Final assessment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35328/teacher-guide-qualitative-research.html" title="Teacher guide: Qualitative research">Teacher guide: Qualitative research</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36593/module-sociocultural-revision.html" title="Module: Sociocultural revision">Module: Sociocultural revision</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34923/module-technology-and-cognition.html" title="Module: Technology and cognition">Module: Technology and cognition</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34957/introducing-technology-and-cognition.html" title="Introducing technology and cognition">Introducing technology and cognition</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34958/cognition-and-tech-negative-effects.html" title="Cognition and tech: Negative effects">Cognition and tech: Negative effects</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34959/cognition-and-tech-positive-effects.html" title="Cognition and tech: Positive effects">Cognition and tech: Positive effects</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34961/cognition-and-tech-final-assessment.html" title="Cognition and tech: Final assessment">Cognition and tech: Final assessment</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36021/exam-prep.html" title="Exam prep">Exam prep</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42106/assessment-paper-1.html" title="Assessment: Paper 1">Assessment: Paper 1</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44439/common-exam-errors.html" title="Common exam errors">Common exam errors</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44000/contrasting-approaches.html" title="Contrasting approaches">Contrasting approaches</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42107/assessment-paper-2.html" title="Assessment: Paper 2">Assessment: Paper 2</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24558/assessment-markbands.html" title="Assessment markbands">Assessment markbands</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31326/dos-and-donts-for-saqs.html" title="Do's and don'ts for SAQs">Do's and don'ts for SAQs</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25500/dos-and-donts-for-erqs.html" title="Do's and Don'ts for ERQs">Do's and Don'ts for ERQs</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36020/essay-types.html" title="Essay types">Essay types</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36022/ethical-considerations.html" title="Ethical considerations">Ethical considerations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28524/presentation-writing-a-contrast-essay.html" title="Presentation: Writing a contrast essay">Presentation: Writing a contrast essay</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36023/research-methods.html" title="Research methods">Research methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36024/writing-about-concepts.html" title="Writing about concepts">Writing about concepts</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36025/writing-about-theories.html" title="Writing about theories">Writing about theories</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42121/evaluation-in-erqs.html" title="Evaluation in ERQs">Evaluation in ERQs</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42115/explaining-command-terms.html" title="Explaining command terms">Explaining command terms</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42108/organization-of-the-erq.html" title="Organization of the ERQ">Organization of the ERQ</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36385/saq-study-guide.html" title="SAQ study guide">SAQ study guide</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27897/writing-erqs-.html" title="Writing ERQs ">Writing ERQs </a></li></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45301/materiales-en-espanol.html" title="Materiales en español">Materiales en español</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45302/la-evaluacion-interna.html" title="La evaluación interna">La evaluación interna</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="La monografía ">La monografía </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45828/como-leer-un-articulo-de-investigacion.html" title="Cómo leer un artículo de investigación">Cómo leer un artículo de investigación</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46003/modulo-metodos-de-investigacion-cualitativa.html" title="Módulo: Métodos de investigación cualitativa">Módulo: Métodos de investigación cualitativa</a></li></ul></ul></nav> </div> </div> </div> </div><div style="margin-top: 20px;"><style type="text/css">
.studyib-link {
display: inline-block;
overflow: hidden;
font-size: 1.2em;
font-weight: normal;
margin: 10px;
transition: transform .2s; /* Animation */
}
#left-column .studyib-link {
font-size: 1em;
font-weight: normal;
margin: 5px;
transition: transform .2s; /* Animation */
}
#left-column .studyib-advert h2 {
font-size: 1.35em;
}
.studyib-link:hover {
transform: scale(1.2);
}
.studyib-link > img {
width: 2em; height: 2em;
margin: 0;
float: left;
}
.embed-responsive {
position: relative;
display: block;
height: 0;
padding: 0;
margin: 15px 0;
}
.embed-responsive-16by9 {
padding-bottom: 56.25%;
}
.embed-responsive iframe {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
bottom: 0;
height: 100%;
width: 100%;
border: 0;
}
.studyib-advert {
padding: 20px;
background: #E7EDF5;
border: solid 1px #EFF;
/* margin-left: 70px; */
}
.studyib-advert .heading {
display: flex;
flex-direction: row;
align-items: center;
}
.studyib-advert .heading img {
margin-right: 15px;
}
.studyib-advert .heading span {
color: #444
}
.studyib-advert h2,
.studyib-advert h3 {
margin: 0;
}
.studyib-advert .body {
margin-top: 20px;
}
</style>
<div class="studyib-advert">
<div class="heading">
<img src="../../../img/header-thinker-sib-1.svg" height="50" width="50" class="pull-left" alt="InThinking Revision Sites">
<div>
<h2>INTHINKING REVISION SITES</h2>
<span><em>Own your learning</em></span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="body">
<p>Why not also try our independent learning self-study & revision websites for students?</p>
<p>We currenly offer the following DP Sites: Biology, Chemistry, English A Lang & Lit, Maths A&A, Maths A&I, Physics, Spanish B</p>
<p>
<em>"The site is great for revising the basic understandings of each topic quickly.
Especially since you are able to test yourself at the end of each page and easily see where yo need to improve."</em>
</p>
<p><em>"It is life saving... I am passing IB because of this site!"</em></p>
<p>Basic (limited access) subscriptions are FREE. Check them out at:</p>
<div class="text-center">
<h3>
<a href="//studyib.net">www.StudyIB.net</a>
</h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div></div><!-- /#left-column-->
<div id="main-column" class="span9"> <article id="erq-marking-cognitive-etiologies" style="margin-top: 16px;">
<h1 class="section-title">ERQ marking: Cognitive etiologies</h1>
<ul class="breadcrumb"><li><a title="Home" href="../../../psychology.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="gray">Student resources</span><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="gray">Abnormal psychology</span><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="gray">Writing samples: Abnormal</span><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="active">ERQ marking: Cognitive etiologies</span></li></ul>
<div class="row-fluid">
<section class="span12" id="main-content">
<p><img alt="" src="../../../ib/psychology/images/pen-marking-1.jpg" style="float: left; width: 294px; height: 220px;">Below you will find a sample ERQ for the question: <em>Discuss a cognitive approach to one aetiology of abnormal behaviour.</em></p><p>When marking the sample, refer to the rubric to award marks. After the sample, there is a predicted grade as well as feedback on the strengths and limitations of the response.</p><p><a href="/media/ib/psychology/files/erq-rubric.pdf"><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/student-handout.png"> ERQ rubric</a></p><hr class="hidden"><div class="yellowBg"><h2><span style="color:#B22222;">ERQ Sample 1</span></h2><p>Rumination is when one continuously thinks back, over a fairly long period of time, to an event that happened in the past, this event usually being negative. It is common that one might distort the said event in their mind such as maximizing it, meaning they blow up all the details of the event and over analyse small actions, constantly thinking of how they either messed up or could have done certain things better. Rumination is a cognitive factor in the aetiology of depression. There is a bidirectional ambiguity aspect within this factor as rumination and thus negative thoughts might aide in causing depression but it could be the opposite with depression causing rumination and negative thoughts. Although the theory of rumination is a cognitive factor, it can be supported through a biological lense as well, this can be seen in the study done by Farb et al. One of the original studies done on this topic by Nolen-Hoeksema showed that the amount of rumination one might be doing constantly predicts the beginning of depression.</p><p>This study was conducted in order to support the rumination theory through the lens of biology in addition to cognitive. Farb et al’s study had a total of 32 participants, 16 of them being formerly depressed patients and the other 16 being the control group. Participants were shown sad and neutral movie clips while their brain activity was being tracked using an fMRI. Formerly depressed patients had the severity of their depression evaluated. All the participants were given a questionnaire that inquired about the adaptive and maladaptive cognitive modes in the face of emotional challenges. In order to gather results, Farb et al looked at the correlations between the brain’s responses to the sad movies compared to the neutral movies after the scanning as well as the follow-up period of 18 -months The researchers predicted relapse would be shown in the prefrontal cortex. This was supported by the results as ten of the total 16 participants relapsed into depression during the 18-month period that followed the experiment.</p><p>Through this study, the cognitive factor of rumination was supported by biological aspects. Rumination can be seen as either a cause or effect of depression thus always going back to the origins of the disorder. The study also showed how it was more commonly seen that the re-lapsing participants showed more activity in the area of the brain linked with rumination while the control participants had more activity in the visual cortex. This clearly supports how depression might affect the brain or be affected by the act of rumination.</p><p>The study of Nolen-Hoeksema (2000) consisted of interviewing participants that included both men and women that had lost a loved one. The researcher found that participants who ruminate more after the death were more likely to become more deeply depressed compared to the participants who would ruminate less. This meant that the study resulted in showing that the amount of rumination one might be doing predicts the beginning of depression as well as the severity and duration of it. In non-depressed people, it is seen that women ruminate more in general but in depressed participants, there was found to be not much difference between the two sexes when comparing cases of similar severities.</p><p>The bidirectional ambiguity factor continues to live on each time this factor is studied which creates a strong relationship between the aetiology of depression and the cognitive factor of rumination, even if researchers do not know for sure which is the cause and which is the effect.</p><p><strong>591 words</strong></p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#B22222;"><strong>Focus: </strong>The response is not focused on the demands of the command term. 1 mark. </span></p><p><span style="color:#B22222;"><strong>Knowledge and understanding: </strong>Demonstrates </span><span style="color:#B22222;">a limited</span><span style="color:#B22222;"> understanding of the origin of depression; the link between rumination and depression is not explicit. Terminology is generally correctly applied. 3 marks.</span></p><p><span style="color:#B22222;"><strong>Use of research: </strong>The first study is not used to high effect. The second study is not well explained. 3 marks. </span></p><p><span style="color:#B22222;"><strong>Critical thinking: </strong>There is little to no evidence of critical thinking. 1 mark.</span></p><p><span style="color:#B22222;"><strong>Clarity and organization: </strong>The introduction is not clearly developed. Topic sentences are not clear in the development of the argument. </span><span style="color:#B22222;">The organization</span><span style="color:#B22222;"> could be improved. It would have been better to </span><span style="color:#B22222;">discuss</span><span style="color:#B22222;"> the original research before the biological support for that research. </span><span style="color:#B22222;">The conclusion</span><span style="color:#B22222;"> is not clear. 1 mark</span></p><p><span style="color:#B22222;"><strong>Total marks: </strong>9 marks</span></p><p><span style="color:#B22222;"><strong>IB Predicted: 4</strong></span></p></section></div><div class="greenBg"><h2><span style="color:#B22222;">ERQ Sample 2</span></h2><p>Depression is one of the most common disorders, yet it has a wide range of factors influencing the etiology and symptoms of the disorder. Understanding the etiology behind depression can help treat it, and one aspect of the etiology of depression is the cognitive factors. According to Beck’s theory, depression is rooted in a patient's schema. How they interpret, react, and think about life causes depression. Beck’s theory outlines three components: The negative triad - negative views of the self, the world and the future; dysfunctional beliefs; And cognitive biases. Although this theory is not completely robust and cannot explain some elements of depression such as biological factors in hippocampus size changes or how culture can affect depression, there is significant support for these cognitive factors. Supported by real-world applications, and studies such as Alloy et al (1999) and Ruiz-Caballero & Gonzalez (1994), cognitive factors play a significant role in the etiology of depression.</p><p>One weakness of Beck’s cognitive theory is that there is bidirectional ambiguity of whether cognitive factors are the cause (etiology) of depression, or if they are simply a symptom of depression. This is further compounded by the nature of cognitive processes - they are difficult to consistently and ethically manipulate. True experiments that can identify cause and effect are difficult to conduct, and thus most studies are correlational. However, one way to alleviate the weakness of bidirectional ambiguity is through prospective studies. One example is Alloy et al (1999). The researchers aimed to find whether one’s thinking patterns could be used to predict the onset of depression. They took a randomly selected sample of young Americans and gave them a number of tests such as the Cognitive Style Questionnaire. The participants were sorted into “positive cognitive group” or “negative cognitive group”, and were followed for 6 years. The results showed that 1% of the positive cognitive group had developed depression compared to 17% in the negative thinking group. Although Alloy et al’s study is still correlational, by using a sample of non-depressed patients they can support the theory that cognitive factors are not a result of depression, but rather correlated to the development of depression. This also gives support that cognitive factors can be predictive of the onset of depression. In addition, because it is prospective it eliminates researcher bias. Because of the use of data triangulation with the different cognitive tests, and the fact that the researchers manually sorted participants into different groups, normally that would be subjected to researcher bias. However, because the researchers sort them into groups prior to knowing whether they become depressed, they cannot change grouping to skew results. In addition, the study has high ecological validity, as the participants lived as they typically would. It is possible that this study has construct validity issues. The participants that “developed depression” are the ones that have been diagnosed. It is possible that participants in the “positive cognitive group” get depressed just as often, but because of their cognitive patterns, they may be affected by the optimism bias or otherwise which prevents them from believing they are depressed and thus not getting diagnosed. Alloy et al’s research provides support that cognitive factors play a significant role in the etiology of depression.</p><p>Ruiz-Caballero & Gonzalez (1994) study aimed to find whether depressed patients had different memory patterns. By Beck’s schema theory depressed patients have a negative schema, and because schema affects memory patients should remember negative things better as it aligns with existing schema. Ruiz-Caballero & Gonzalez used a sample of depressed and non-depressed college students. They gave the participants a word-stem completion task to see if participants had a bias for words with a positive or negative connotation. Results indicated that depressed participants had a bias towards negative words, aligning with Beck’s cognitive theory. The study has high internal validity, as there were no confounding variables and the process all participants went through was standardized. However, this study also has low ecological validity. Interpretation and memorisation of isolated words are too simple and may not accurately reflect the encoding and memory of negative/positive events in life that significantly impact a patient's depression. This study also does not directly support that cognitive factors are the cause of depression rather than the symptom, as the participants are already depressed before the study began. This study provides strong evidence for the proof of cognitive factors and changes in depression but does not provide any support that cognitive patterns play a role in the development of depression.</p><p>Beck has developed “cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT)” based on this theory, which has been effective at treating patients, supporting the theory. Although there is the Treatment Aetiology Fallacy, and CBT being successful in treatment does not directly mean that Beck’s theory has correctly identified the causes of depression, it has a real-world application and thus the theory is more robust. Like all cognitive theories, due to the intangibility and quantitative measurements for cognitive processes, it is more difficult to test or manipulate, making it more difficult to ascertain the role that cognitive factors may play in the etiology of depression.</p><p>There is strong support that cognitive factors play a role in the etiology of depression. However, large amounts of evidence suggest that cognitive factors are not the sole cause of depression - there is too much evidence in support of the biological and sociocultural theories, and they can explain aspects of depression such as the role of genetics or rates of depression seen between different socioeconomic classes. There are also other cognitive theories and factors that have not been explored in this essay, such as rumination, which can explain differences in depression between gender and has biological support. Holistically, cognitive factors play a significant role in the etiology of depression.</p><p><strong>962 words</strong></p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#B22222;"><strong>Focus: </strong>The essay is well focused on the demands of the question, although one study is incorrectly identified in the introduction. 2 marks. </span></p><p><span style="color:#B22222;"><strong>Knowledge and understanding: </strong>Overall, </span><span style="color:#B22222;">a good</span><span style="color:#B22222;"> understanding of the theory and concepts relevant to the question. Strong use of psychological terminology. 5 marks. </span></p><p><span style="color:#B22222;"><strong>Use of research: </strong>The research is </span><span style="color:#B22222;">appropriate</span><span style="color:#B22222;"> and well explained in the context of the question. 6 marks. </span></p><p><span style="color:#B22222;"><strong>Critical thinking: </strong>Some ideas are not supported - e.g. </span><span style="color:#B22222;">because</span><span style="color:#B22222;"> it is </span><span style="color:#B22222;">prospective</span><span style="color:#B22222;">, it eliminates researcher bias or that there were no confounding variables in the second study. But overall, very good critical thinking and a strong discussion. 5 marks.</span></p><p><span style="color:#B22222;"><strong>Clarity and organization: </strong>The response is clearly written and well organized. 2 marks.</span></p><p><span style="color:#B22222;"><strong>Total marks: </strong>20 marks</span></p><p><strong><span style="color:#B22222;">IB Predicted: 7</span></strong></p></section></div><div class="pinkBg"><h2><span style="color:#B22222;">ERQ Sample 3</span></h2><p>Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a diagnosis that is commonly done to people who have been showing depressive thoughts such as suicide and moods for at least a duration of 2 weeks. MDD can be recognised also when the disorder interferes with the normal life activities of the person. These negative feelings of worthlessness and loss of interest in activities are usually accompanied by irregular sleeping and eating patterns. These are all symptoms that are examples of the ABC’S (Affective, Behavioural, Cognitive, and Somatic symptoms). As there are many cognitive aspects of this disorder, there are also theories that try to explain these negative symptoms (ABC’S). Affective symptoms such as feelings of sadness, Behavioural symptoms such as passiveness, Cognitive symptoms such as general negative views, Somatic symptoms such as irregular sleeping patterns). However, the most supported theory of cognitive factors, such as one's reasoning, beliefs and thoughts, that outlines the causes of depression is that of Beck’s theory. Beck argued that people have what is called ‘automatic thoughts’, which are negative schemas about oneself, like worthlessness and loss. Therefore, Beck suggested that there is a causal relationship between automatic thoughts and depression. There are three components to Beck’s theory. ‘The Cognitive Triad’, where one may have negative thoughts of the world, negative thoughts of himself and/or negative thoughts of the future. The second component of Beck’s theory is having a negative schema that may have been triggered by a childhood traumatic experience. The last element of Beck’s theory implies that one has cognitive biases, in other words, negative beliefs that lead to ‘Faulty thinking’ like exaggeration and personalisation. The concept that depressive behaviour is linked to faulty thinking is backed up by research.</p><p>Alloy et al, for example, wanted to show how negative cognitive patterns influence the trigger of depression. They carried out a longitudinal study, with the participants being healthy American college students, who were split into two groups based on whether they had a high risk of negative cognitive biases (high-risk group) or low risk of negative cognitive biases (low-risk group). This was done with the help of questionnaires. This was also a prospective study as they were tested at the beginning of the study and then were followed for 6 years after that, through self-report questionnaires and interviews. Findings showed that 17% of people in the ‘high risk’ group had developed MDD in contrast to the ‘low risk’ group, where only 1% of people had developed depression. A strength to this study is the fact that it was a prospective study, meaning that participants were observed in the beginning as well, which is crucial, as there is something to compare the findings of the end of the study with. Another strength is the use of several data collecting methods, both interviews and self-reported questionnaires, in order to get a deeper understanding of each participant. Although the study backs up Beck’s theory of faulty thinking, it does have limitations. Several data collecting techniques were used, however, one can not entirely rely on self-reported data as the data may be inaccurate due to social desirability effect. There is also the limitation of Treatment Aetiology Fallacy, which is a fallacy that explains that just because the treatment was successful does not mean that the cause of the disorder was identified.</p><p>A study that shows that people with MDD are likely to show negative attention biases is that carried out by Caseras et al. They carried out a study where participants were shown a series of pictures in pairs, with one being a ‘negative’ picture and the other being either ‘positive’ or ‘neutral’. These pictures were shown for 3 seconds only, whilst researchers observed the participants using eye-tracking technology. Researchers were looking for biases in initial orienting, in other words, which picture did the participants first gravitate towards. Secondly, researchers were looking for how long the participants looked at the pictures, in other words, the maintenance of attention. When analysing the data, Alloy et al decided to split the participants based on their findings into two groups - participants who showed depressive symptoms and participants who did not show depressive symptoms. Findings were that participants in the ‘showed depressive symptoms group’ showed a pattern of negative cognitive bias, as they gazed longer at the negative pictures (maintenance of attention) than the positive and neutral ones. However, there were no significant biases that were found in the initial orienting of the participants. Though there were no findings in the initial orienting of participants, there was a pattern that was found in the maintenance of attention. This is supported by Beck’s theory, as people with more negative thoughts are drawn to observing and thinking about the negative views of the world. However, that’s also a limitation, as the study does not show that participants were depressed. In order for a person to be depressed, one has to be in that state of mind for at least 2 weeks in order for it to be considered depression. Three seconds is not enough to label or diagnose the participants as depressed.</p><p>To conclude, it is not possible to entirely agree with the statement that automatic thinking leads to depression, as we do not know whether negative thinking is the reason for depression or if depression leads to negative thinking. Since I was looking at cognitive based studies, it is still hard to carry out a study that eliminates all biological and sociocultural factors. However, Beck’s cognitive theory is applicable and has been used to help us understand to some degree the difference of thinking between depressed and non-depressed people. Beck’s theory of self-schemas has been applied to better understand depression as well. A strength of cognitive studies is that MDD is testable especially through longitudinal and prospective studies where people are observed for a long period of time. Method triangulation, which shows various ways of getting similar results is also a reliable data collecting technique. Alloy et al and Caseras et al both are either longitudinal or use multiple data collecting ways to get a result which support Beck’s theory.</p><p><strong>1022 words</strong></p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#B22222;"><strong>Focus: </strong>The response is generally focused on the question, but could be more focused on the command term. 1 mark.</span></p><p><span style="color:#B22222;"><strong>Knowledge and understanding: </strong>There is generally good understanding of the cognitive theories. 5 marks. </span></p><p><span style="color:#B22222;"><strong>Use of research: </strong>Studies are well described and linked to the approach. 5 marks. </span></p><p><span style="color:#B22222;"><strong>Critical thinking: </strong>Some ideas are not well linked to the research - e.g. the Treatment Aetiology Fallacy for Alloy’s study. Some of the comments in the conclusion are not supported. 3 marks. </span></p><p><span style="color:#B22222;"><strong>Clarity and organization: </strong>The introduction could be </span><span style="color:#B22222;">more</span> <span style="color:#B22222;">clearly organized. Otherwise, well organized. 1 mark.</span></p><p><span style="color:#B22222;"><strong>Total marks: </strong>15 marks</span></p><p><span style="color:#B22222;"><strong>IB Predicted: 6</strong></span></p></section></div><script>document.querySelectorAll('.tib-teacher-only').forEach(e => e.remove());</script>
</section>
</div>
</article>
</div><!-- /#main-column -->
</div>
</div><!-- /#content -->
</div>
</div>
<div id="footer" class="student-access">
<div class="wmap">
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<p>
© <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear())</script> <em>InThinking / IB Documents (2) Team | Version: 31.01.2023</em>
|
<a target="_self" href="https://thinkib.net/subscribe/about-us">
About us
</a>
|
<a target="_self" href="https://thinkib.net/subscribe/legal">
Legal
</a>
|
<a target="_self" href="https://thinkib.net/subscribe/contact">
Contact
</a>
</p>
<p>
<a class="social" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/#!/inthinker">
<img src="../../../social/twitter-square-1.svg"> Twitter
</a>
<a class="social" target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/inthinking.net">
<img src="../../../social/facebook-square-1.svg"> Facebook
</a>
<a class="social" target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/9s4we1">
<img src="../../../social/linkedin-square-1.svg"> LinkedIn
</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<input id="tzoffset" type="hidden" value="-3600"><div id="modal-session-expired" class="modal fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" data-backdrop="static" data-keyboard="false">
<div class="modal-dialog" role="document">
<div class="modal-content">
<div class="modal-header">
<h3 style="margin-top: 0">Your session has expired</h3>
</div>
<div class="modal-body" style="padding: 10px;">
<p>You will have to reload and log in again.</p>
</div>
<div class="modal-footer">
<a id="session-expired" class="btn btn-danger pull-right" href="#">
<i class="fa fa-refresh"></i> Reload
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Loading scripts at the end of the body means faster page loading -->
<script src="../../../js/jquery-1.10.2.min-1.js"></script>
<script src="../../../js/bootstrap.min-1.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/jq-fancybox/jquery.fancybox.pack-1.js"></script>
<script src="../../../js/sidemenu/sidemenu.min-1.js?v=202011301145"></script><script src="../../../js/std-access/std-assignments-utils.min-1.js?v=202211281800"></script><script src="../../../js/std-access/std-comments-utils.min-1.js?v=202211281800"></script><script src="../../../js/std/std-task-utils.min-1.js?v=202211151130"></script><script src="../../../js/jq-mark.js/jquery.mark.min-1.js"></script><!-- MathJax only to render Math ML -->
<!--<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.0/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML"></script>-->
<script src="../../../ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.0/MathJax-1.js?config=MML_HTMLorMML"></script>
<style>
.math-tex {
font-size: 1.15em !important;
}
.math-tex span.ML__text {
/*font-family: inherit !important;*/
}
.ML__text + .ML__mathit {
margin-left: 0 !important;
}
.math-tex img, .math-tex + img, span img {
box-shadow: none;
margin: 0;
}
</style>
<script src="../../../mathlive%400.86.0/dist/mathlive.min-1.js" async="" defer=""></script>
<script>
window.addEventListener('load',
() => MathLive.renderMathInDocument()
);
</script>
<script src="../../../js/header-circle.min-1.js?v=20220113"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/cookies.min-1.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
// The cookies alert
if (! readCookie("displayCookieConsent") && ! readCookie("y") ) {
var cookieMSG = "We use cookies. By continuing to use this website you are giving consent to cookies being used.";
setTimeout(function() {
$.ajax({
cache: true,
url: "js/cookiechoices.js",
dataType: "script",
success: function () {
cookieChoices.showCookieConsentBar(cookieMSG, 'close', 'Read more', "psychology/legal#cookies");
}
});
}, 2000);
}
</script><script>var sAJAX='/pages/activity/user-stats-page.php?t=IBDocs(2)&x=26180';var sData='##/)IxZg+NLcIxRe5V2encg9qIbSUNQC2|)1o|2)+iZOo|c8hIqcUNT8hNZ6oiL1qI][UxbMLNbYoiQChNf[5[bMLmTYqNu8/[g[qiTsqIbCowZ1qx/znxg[2|TMojTe+iTaLmcgqt/z/OpCqir[UxbeqIn9LIb4qTZ1qx/z/4/fnM/i/O8=';var loopSecs = 30;var lsKey = '327650512e9e99654d2b19c07323385a';</script><script src="../../../js/user/user-stats-page.min-1.js?v=202102101800"></script><script>var sessionUpdateSecs = 600;</script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/session-updater-1.js?v=20200831"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(document).ready(function(){
function padLeft(str,max){return str.length<max?padLeft("0"+str,max):str}function padRight(str,max){return str.length<max?padRight(str+"0",max):str}$("body").on("click",'a[href="#"], a.fancybox-nav, a[data-toggle="tab"], a[data-toggle="dropdown"], a[data-toggle="collapse"], a[data-toggle="modal"]',(function(e){e.preventDefault()}));var topmenuOffset=0,topmenuHeight=0;function fixDiv(t,h){$(window).scrollTop()<topmenuOffset||$("#topmenu ul.level-1").is(":visible")?($("#topmenu").css({position:"",width:""}),$("#topmenu").removeClass("fixed-top"),$("body").css({"padding-top":"0"})):($("#topmenu").css({position:"fixed",top:"0",width:$("#topmenu").width()+"px"}),$("#topmenu").addClass("fixed-top"),$("body").css({"padding-top":topmenuHeight+"px"}))}function fixSearchNav(){var searchMenuTop=topmenuOffset+topmenuHeight,searchMenuH=$("#nav-menu-search").is(":visible")?$("#nav-menu-search").outerHeight():0;if($(window).scrollTop()>searchMenuTop-topmenuHeight){var borderBottomWidth=parseInt($("#topmenu").css("borderBottomWidth"))+1;$("#nav-menu-search").css({position:"fixed",top:topmenuHeight+borderBottomWidth+"px",left:"0",right:"0"}),$("#nav-menu-search").addClass("fixed-top"),$("body").css("padding-top",topmenuHeight+searchMenuH+"px")}else $("#nav-menu-search").css({position:""}),$("#nav-menu-search").removeClass("fixed-top"),$("body").css("padding-top","0")}$("#topmenu").length&&(topmenuOffset=$("#topmenu").offset().top,topmenuHeight=$("#topmenu").outerHeight(),fixDiv(),$(window).scroll((function(){fixDiv(),fixSearchNav()}))),$("a.toggle-menu-search").on("click",(function(e){e.preventDefault(),$("#nav-menu-search").slideToggle("fast",(function(){$(this).find('input[name="s"]').focus()}))}));var menuH=$("#topmenu").height(),itemH=$("#topmenu > nav > ul > li").height();function fancyScrollTo(id){$("html, body").animate({scrollTop:$("#"+id).offset().top-300},300)}function printSectionBlog(){var w=$(window).width()/2,h,windowSettings="height="+($(window).height()-100)+", width="+w+", left=0, top=0, resizable=no, ";windowSettings+="scrollbars=yes, toolbar=no, menubar=no, location=no, ",windowSettings+="directories=no, status=yes";var myWindow=window.open("","Page printer",windowSettings),containerHtml=["<html>","<head>","<title>Page printer</title>",'<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'+window.location.origin+'/css/style.min.css?v=202211152130">','<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'+window.location.origin+"/css/style"+SITE_TAG+'.min.css?v=202104061357">','<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'+window.location.origin+'/css/snippets.min.css?v=202210181500">','<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'+window.location.origin+'/css/article.min.css?v=202210181500">',"</head>","<body>",$("section#main-content").html().replace(/<span\sclass="MJX_Assistive_MathML".*?<\/span>/g,""),"</body>","</html>"].join("");containerHtml=containerHtml.replace(/src="files\//gi,'src="'+window.location.origin+"/files/"),myWindow.document.write(containerHtml),myWindow.document.close(),myWindow.focus(),setTimeout((function(){$.when(myWindow.print()).then(myWindow.close())}),1e3)}function PopupPrint(target){window.print()}$("#topmenu > nav > ul > li").each((function(){if(menuH>itemH&&$(this).position().top<1){var i=itemH+1;$(this).find("ul:first").css("margin-top","-"+i+"px")}})),$("#topmenu > nav > ul > li").on("mouseenter mouseleave",(function(e){var submenu=$("ul:first",this),submenuW=submenu.width();$(this).offset().left+submenuW>$(window).width()&&(submenu.css("right","0"),submenu.find("ul").each((function(){if(!$(this).hasClass("fixed")){var l=$(this).width()+submenuW;$(this).css("margin-left","-"+l+"px"),$(this).addClass("fixed")}})))})),$("a.showhider").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var box="#"+$(this).attr("rel"),show='<i class="fa fa-eye"></i>',hide='<i class="fa fa-eye-slash"></i>';$(box).slideToggle("fast"),$(this).html($(this).html()==show?hide:show),$(this).attr("title","Show"==$(this).attr("title")?"Hide":"Show")})),$("a.scroll-to").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var n=$("#"+$(this).data("target")).offset().top-70;$("html, body").animate({scrollTop:n},300)})),$("a.print-section-blog").click((function(e){e.preventDefault(),printSectionBlog()})),$(".print-button").click((function(e){var target;e.preventDefault(),PopupPrint("#"+$(this).data("target-id"))})),$(".alert.alert-success").delay(6e3).hide("fast",fixDiv());var fancyParent=1==$("body").find($("#main-article")).length?"#main-article":"body",fancyOptions={loop:!1,openEffect:"elastic",closeEffect:"elastic",nextEffect:"fade",prevEffect:"fade",parent:fancyParent,helpers:{title:{type:"inside"}}};if($("ul.gallery").each((function(){var rel=$(this).find("li:first-child > a:first-child").attr("rel");$('ul.gallery a.fancy[rel="'+rel+'"]').fancybox(fancyOptions)})),$(".carousel.slide").each((function(){var rel="gallery-"+$(this).data("id");$('.carousel.slide a.fancy[rel="'+rel+'"]').fancybox(fancyOptions)})),$("img.pop").parent("a").each((function(){$(this).attr("title",$(this).children("img").attr("alt"))})),$("img.pop").parent("a").fancybox({loop:!1,helpers:{title:{type:"inside"}}}),!are_cookies_enabled()){var msg='<div class="alert alert-error"><i class="fa fa-warning"></i> Your browser does not accept cookies from this site. Please enable cookies to log in.</div><div class="alert alert-info"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i> Enabling cookies in <a target="_blank" style="margin: 0; padding: 0;" href="https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/enable-and-disable-cookies-website-preferences">Firefox</a>, <a target="_blank" style="margin: 0; padding: 0;" href="https://support.google.com/accounts/answer/61416?hl=en">Chrome</a>, <a target="_blank" style="margin: 0; padding: 0;" href="http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-vista/block-or-allow-cookies">Explorer</a></div>';$("#modal-login .modal-header").append(msg)}if($(".panel-expandable > .panel-heading").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var panel=$(this).closest(".panel-expandable"),expandables=panel.hasClass("panel-has-footer")?".panel-body, .panel-footer":".panel-body";panel.find(".panel-body").is(":visible")?(panel.find(expandables).slideUp("fast"),panel.find(".expander > .fa-minus").removeClass("fa-minus").addClass("fa-plus")):(panel.find(expandables).slideDown("fast"),panel.find(".expander > .fa-plus").removeClass("fa-plus").addClass("fa-minus"))})),$("#modal-find-out-more").css({width:.8*$("#container").width()+"px","margin-left":-.4*$("#container").width()+"px"}),$(".modal-xxl").length){var modalTopPos=Math.round(.07*$(window).height());$(window).width()>1200&&$(".modal-xxl").css({"max-width":$(window).width()>960?"960px":$(window).width()+"px",width:$(window).width()>960?"960px":$(window).width()+"px","margin-left":$(window).width()>960?"-480px":Math.round($(window).width()/2)}),$(".modal-xxl").css("top",modalTopPos+"px"),$(".modal-xxl").on("shown",(function(){var mHeaderH=$(this).find(".modal-header").outerHeight(),mBody=$(this).find(".modal-body"),mBodyH=mBody.outerHeight(),mFooterH=$(this).find(".modal-footer").outerHeight(),bottomOfTheModal=modalTopPos+mHeaderH+mBodyH+mFooterH;if(bottomOfTheModal<$(window).height())mBodyH+=$(window).height()-bottomOfTheModal-60,mBody.css("max-height",mBodyH+"px");else{$(window).scrollTop(0),modalTopPos=10,$(".modal-xxl").css("top",modalTopPos+"px"),bottomOfTheModal=modalTopPos+mHeaderH+mBodyH+mFooterH,availableScroll=bottomOfTheModal-$(window).height()+modalTopPos;var lastPos=-1;$(window).on("scroll",(function(){var s=$(window).scrollTop()>availableScroll?availableScroll:$(window).scrollTop();newPos=modalTopPos-s,newPos!=lastPos&&($(".modal-xxl").css("top",newPos+"px"),lastPos=newPos)}))}}))}function popupHelp(url,title,w,h){var dualScreenLeft=void 0!==window.screenLeft?window.screenLeft:screen.left,dualScreenTop=void 0!==window.screenTop?window.screenTop:screen.top,width,height,left=(window.innerWidth?window.innerWidth:document.documentElement.clientWidth?document.documentElement.clientWidth:screen.width)/2-w/2+dualScreenLeft,top=(window.innerHeight?window.innerHeight:document.documentElement.clientHeight?document.documentElement.clientHeight:screen.height)/2-h/2+dualScreenTop,newWindow=window.open(url,title,"menubar=no,location=no,resizable=0, width="+w+", height="+h+", top="+top+", left="+left);return window.focus&&(newWindow?newWindow.focus():$('<div class="alert alert-warning" style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><p class="help-block">Pop Up blocked. Please allow Pop Ups in your browser settings.</p></div>').insertBefore("body")),newWindow}if($(".open-student-access-help").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var h=$(window).height()-20,w=$(window).width()<1280?$(window).width():1280;popupHelp(helpURL,"Student Access Help",w,h)})),$(".pop-up-help").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var url=$(this).attr("href"),title=$(this).data("title"),h=$(window).height()-20,w;popupHelp(url,title,$(window).width()<1280?$(window).width():1280,h)})),$("section.tib-hiddenbox").length){var count=0;$($("section.tib-hiddenbox").get().reverse()).each((function(){var box=$(this),revealButton;$("<a />").attr("class","btn showhider").attr("rel","hiddenBoxContent"+count).attr("style","margin-bottom: 0;").html('<i class="fa fa-eye"></i>').insertBefore(box);var newContainer=$("<div />").attr("class","hidden-content").attr("id","hiddenBoxContent"+count).html(box.html());newContainer.hide(),newContainer.insertBefore(box),box.remove(),count++})),$("a.showhider").on("click",(function(e){var container=$("#"+$(this).attr("rel"));container.is(":hidden")?(container.fadeIn("fast"),$(this).html('<i class="fa fa-eye-slash"></i>')):(container.fadeOut("fast"),$(this).html('<i class="fa fa-eye"></i>'))}))}
$('img.ico[src="/img/icons/comments.png"]').each((function(){var t=$(this).attr("title");$(this).removeAttr("title"),$(this).wrap('<a class="tib-popover" href="#" data-content="'+t+'" data-togle="popover" data-placement="top" />')})),$('img.ico[src="img/icons/comments.png"]').each((function(){var t=$(this).attr("title");$(this).removeAttr("title"),$(this).wrap('<a class="tib-popover" href="#" data-content="'+t+'" data-togle="popover" data-placement="top" />')})),$(".tib-popover").popover({html:!0,trigger:"hover",delay:{show:300,hide:300},placement:function(t,e){var o=$(e).position();return o.top>200?"top":o.left<515?"right":o.top<200?"bottom":o.left>515?"left":"top"}}).click((function(t){t.preventDefault()}));var carouselTime=6500;$("div.carousel.slide").carousel({interval:carouselTime}),$(".tib-indicators > img").click((function(){var t=$(this).index(),e;$(this).closest(".carousel.slide").carousel(t)})),setShowResultsListeners($("#container")),addMarksThreads($("#modal-std-write"));
$('a.btn.showhider').click(function(e) {
var showHiderId = $( this ).attr('rel');
if( $('#'+showHiderId).find('iframe').length > 0 ) {
$('#'+showHiderId+' iframe').each(function() {
if ( $(this).attr('src').indexOf('.pdf') > 0 ) {
this.contentWindow.location.reload(true);
}
});
}
});
});
</script>
</body>
</html>