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<title>DP Chemistry: Acid-base titrations </title>
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nuclear fission reactions</a></li><li><a href="../19429/solar-energy-1.html">Solar energy</a></li><li><a href="../19437/environmental-impact-global-warming-1.html">Environmental impact - global warming</a></li><li><a href="../19453/electrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells-1.html">Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells</a></li><li><a href="../19458/nuclear-fusion-fission-hl--1.html">Nuclear fusion & fission (HL) </a></li><li><a href="../19470/photovoltaic-cells-and-dsscs-1.html">Photovoltaic cells and DSSCs</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../19078/option-d-1.html" class="father">Option D</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../19079/pharmaceutical-products-drug-action--1.html">Pharmaceutical products & drug action </a></li><li><a href="../19158/aspirin-penicillin--1.html">Aspirin & penicillin </a></li><li><a href="../19174/opiates-1.html">Opiates</a></li><li><a href="../19184/ph-regulation-of-the-stomach-1.html">pH regulation of the stomach</a></li><li><a href="../19194/antiviral-medications--1.html">Antiviral medications </a></li><li><a href="../19211/environmental-impact-of-some-medications-1.html">Environmental impact of some medications</a></li><li><a href="../19254/taxol-a-chiral-auxiliary-case-study-1.html">Taxol - a chiral auxiliary case study</a></li><li><a href="../19258/nuclear-medicine--1.html">Nuclear medicine </a></li><li><a href="../19273/drug-detection-analysis--1.html">Drug detection & analysis </a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="selected"><a href="../16592/practical-scheme-of-work-ia--1.html">Practical scheme of work & IA </a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../16682/internal-assessment-1.html" class="father">Internal Assessment</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../18892/scaffolding-the-investigation-1.html">'Scaffolding' the investigation</a></li><li><a href="../18896/timing-organisation--1.html">Timing & organisation </a></li><li><a href="../18905/choosing-the-research-question-1.html">Choosing the research question</a></li><li><a href="../18946/personal-engagement-1.html">Personal engagement</a></li><li><a href="../18950/exploration-1.html">Exploration</a></li><li><a href="../18957/analysis-1.html">Analysis</a></li><li><a href="../18965/evaluation-1.html">Evaluation</a></li><li><a href="../18966/communication-1.html">Communication</a></li><li><a href="../19882/internal-standardization-of-the-ia-1.html">Internal standardization of the IA</a></li><li><a href="../19901/submitting-the-samples-for-moderation-2.html">Submitting the samples for moderation</a></li><li><a href="../33754/ten-suggestions-for-ias-using-secondary-data-1.html">Ten suggestions for IAs using secondary data</a></li><li><a href="../37544/gaining-full-marks-for-a-databased-ia--1.html">Gaining full marks for a databased IA </a></li><li><a href="../19506/ia-example-marking-exercise--1.html">IA example & marking exercise </a></li><li><a href="../23929/genuine-examples-of-moderated-ia-reports-1.html">Genuine examples of moderated IA reports</a></li><li><a href="../25234/examples-of-teacher-marked-ia-reports--1.html">Examples of teacher-marked IA reports </a></li><li><a href="../37542/history-of-internal-assessment-1.html">History of Internal Assessment</a></li></ul></li><li class="selected"><a href="../16598/mandatory-laboratory-components-1.html" class="father">Mandatory laboratory components</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16613/formula-of-magnesium-oxide--1.html">Formula of magnesium oxide </a></li><li><a href="../16612/determining-the-mr-of-an-unknown-gas-1.html">Determining the <i>M</i><sub>r</sub> of an unknown gas</a></li><li class="selected"><a href="acid-base-titrations--1.html">Acid-base titrations </a></li><li><a href="../16616/a-green-acid-base-practical-1.html">A green acid-base practical</a></li><li><a href="../16617/analysis-of-aspirin-tablets-1.html">Analysis of aspirin tablets</a></li><li><a href="../16618/caco3-in-egg-shells-1.html">CaCO<sub>3</sub> in egg shells</a></li><li><a href="../16644/enthalpy-changes-1.html">Enthalpy changes</a></li><li><a href="../16631/reaction-rates-1.html">Reaction rates</a></li><li><a href="../16635/rate-dependent-factors-1.html">Rate-dependent factors</a></li><li><a href="../16636/determining-ea-for-a-reaction-1.html">Determining <i>E</i><sub>a</sub> for a reaction</a></li><li><a href="../16637/iodination-of-propanone-1.html">Iodination of propanone</a></li><li><a href="../18144/titrations-with-a-ph-meter-1.html">Titrations with a pH meter</a></li><li><a href="../18355/redox-titration-with-kmno4--1.html">Redox titration with KMnO<sub>4</sub> </a></li><li><a href="../16640/voltaic-cells-1.html">Voltaic cells</a></li><li><a href="../16659/3-d-molecular-modelling--1.html">3-D molecular modelling </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../17168/other-good-practicals-1.html" class="father">Other good practicals</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../17196/common-chemical-reactions-1.html">Common chemical reactions</a></li><li><a href="../227/elements-oxides-of-the-third-period--1.html">Elements & oxides of the third period </a></li><li><a href="../17239/the-halogens-1.html">The halogens</a></li><li><a href="../17162/boiling-points-of-mixtures-1.html">Boiling points of mixtures</a></li><li><a href="../17170/polarity-of-molecules-1.html">Polarity of molecules</a></li><li><a href="../18083/le-chateliers-principle--1.html">Le Chatelier's principle </a></li><li><a href="../19582/determining-kc-for-an-esterification-reaction-1.html">Determining <i>K</i><sub>c</sub> for an esterification reaction</a></li><li><a href="../18164/redox-reactions-of-vanadium--1.html">Redox reactions of vanadium </a></li><li><a href="../18351/chlorine-in-swimming-pools--1.html">Chlorine in swimming pools </a></li><li><a href="../18178/analysis-of-cuii-ions-in-solution--1.html">Analysis of Cu(II) ions in solution </a></li><li><a href="../18179/percentage-of-copper-in-brass-1.html">Percentage of copper in brass</a></li><li><a href="../18356/electrolytic-cells--1.html">Electrolytic cells </a></li><li><a href="../18598/reactions-of-organic-compounds-1.html">Reactions of organic compounds</a></li><li><a href="../18752/hydrolysis-of-halogenoalkanes-1.html">Hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes</a></li><li><a href="../18784/preparation-of-13-dinitrobenzene--1.html">Preparation of 1,3-dinitrobenzene </a></li><li><a href="../19022/determination-of-an-organic-structure-1.html">Determination of an organic structure</a></li><li><a href="../19887/preparation-of-nylon-66-1.html">Preparation of nylon 6,6</a></li><li><a href="../19343/determination-of-vitamin-c-content--1.html">Determination of vitamin C content </a></li><li><a href="../19342/hydrolysis-of-starch--1.html">Hydrolysis of starch </a></li><li><a href="../19159/preparation-purification-of-aspirin--1.html">Preparation & purification of aspirin </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../18851/ict-in-practical-work-1.html" class="father">ICT in practical work</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../18852/data-logging--1.html">Data logging </a></li><li><a href="../18853/software-for-graph-plotting--1.html">Software for graph plotting </a></li><li><a href="../18854/spreadsheets-for-data-processing--1.html">Spreadsheets for data processing </a></li><li><a href="../18855/databases-1.html">Databases</a></li><li><a href="../18856/computer-modelling-simulations--1.html">Computer modelling & simulations </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16594/group-4-project-1.html" class="father">Group 4 Project</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16595/practicalities-1.html">Practicalities</a></li><li><a href="../16596/reflective-statement--2.html">Reflective statement </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16666/a-new-laboratory-1.html">A new laboratory?</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16284/exams-1.html">Exams</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../16286/essential-facts-1.html" class="father">Essential Facts</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16287/objectives-command-terms-1.html">Objectives & command terms</a></li><li><a href="../16288/grade-descriptors-1.html">Grade descriptors</a></li><li><a href="../16289/grade-boundaries-1.html">Grade boundaries</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16302/paper-1-multiple-choice-1.html" class="father">Paper 1 (Multiple Choice)</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16303/advice-to-students-paper-1-1.html">Advice to students (Paper 1)</a></li><li><a href="../31515/practice-paper-1-exams-1.html">Practice Paper 1 exams</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16305/paper-2-1.html" class="father">Paper 2</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16306/advice-to-students-paper-2-1.html">Advice to students (Paper 2)</a></li><li><a href="../16307/areas-of-difficulty-1.html">Areas of difficulty</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16313/paper-3--1.html" class="father">Paper 3 </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16314/advice-to-students-paper-3-1.html">Advice to students (Paper 3)</a></li><li><a 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href="../3147/ib-core-1.html">IB Core</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../3149/learner-profile-1.html">Learner Profile</a></li><li><a href="../21735/extended-essays--1.html" class="father">Extended Essays </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../21736/overview--1.html">Overview </a></li><li><a href="../21780/responsibilities-1.html">Responsibilities</a></li><li><a href="../21790/resources-1.html">Resources</a></li><li><a href="../21800/research-1.html">Research</a></li><li><a href="../21804/writing-the-essay-1.html">Writing the essay</a></li><li><a href="../21810/assessment-1.html">Assessment</a></li><li><a href="../22434/summary-of-advice--1.html">Summary of advice </a></li><li><a href="../25272/faqs--1.html">FAQs </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../307/theory-of-knowledge-tok-1.html" class="father">Theory of Knowledge (TOK)</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../41171/the-12-tok-concepts-1.html">The 12 TOK concepts</a></li><li><a href="../3507/why-tok-chemistry-1.html">Why TOK & Chemistry?</a></li><li><a href="../3505/a-modern-paradigm-1.html">A modern paradigm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="../17783/fast-track-to-tests-questions-1.html">Fast track to tests & questions</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../17784/sl-multiple-choice-tests-on-individual-topics-1.html">SL Multiple choice tests on individual topics</a></li><li><a href="../24351/sl-multiple-choice-quizzes-on-sub-topics-1.html">SL Multiple choice 'quizzes' on sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../31519/sl-practice-paper-1-exams-1.html">SL Practice Paper 1 exams</a></li><li><a href="../17786/sl-questions-on-each-sub-topic-1.html">SL Questions on each sub-topic</a></li><li><a href="../20431/sl-paper-3-section-a-questions-1.html">SL Paper 3 Section A questions</a></li><li><a href="../17792/sl-questions-on-the-options-1.html">SL Questions on the options</a></li><li><a href="../24897/sl-quizzes-on-option-sub-topics--1.html">SL Quizzes on option sub-topics </a></li><li><a href="../17785/hl-multiple-choice-tests-on-individual-topics-1.html">HL Multiple choice tests on individual topics</a></li><li><a href="../24352/hl-multiple-choice-quizzes-on-sub-topics-1.html">HL Multiple choice 'quizzes' on sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../31520/hl-practice-paper-1-exams--1.html">HL Practice Paper 1 exams </a></li><li><a href="../17787/hl-questions-on-each-sub-topic--1.html">HL Questions on each sub-topic </a></li><li><a href="../20428/hl-paper-3-section-a-questions-1.html">HL Paper 3 Section A questions</a></li><li><a href="../17793/hl-questions-on-the-options-1.html">HL Questions on the options</a></li><li><a href="../24973/hl-quizzes-on-option-sub-topics-1.html">HL Quizzes on option sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../41573/printable-versions-of-written-tasks--1.html">Printable versions of written tasks </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../41465/complete-course-for-students--2.html">Complete course for students </a><ul class="level-1"><li><a 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</div><section id="main-content"><h1>A traditional acid-base titration</h1><div class="blueBg"><h2>Information & rationale</h2><p>Before giving this experiment I usually get the students to do a simple acid base titration to introduce them to the correct technique of titration. The experiment is usually to determine the concentration of a solution of sodium hydroxide (about 0.1 mol dm<sup>-3</sup>) using 0.100 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> hydrochloric acid. Students learn about the importance of rinsing out the equipment etc. beforehand and obtaining precise and accurate results. I also introduce the ideas of <a href="../18959/error-uncertainty--1.html">uncertainty</a> and how they can use the uncertainty written on the apparatus to work out the total percentage uncertainty. I will then ask them what other assumptions they have made and hopefully one of them will come up with ‘trusting’ the technician who has made up the concentration of the sodium hydroxide to be exactly 0.100 mol dm<sup>-3</sup>. In theory a simple acid base titration is all that is necessary to cover the <a href="chemistry/go/16598">mandatory laboratory components</a> stated in <a href="../16333/reacting-masses-and-volumes-1.html" title="Core & AHL » Teaching each topic & sub-topic » Topic 1 » Reacting masses and volumes">Topic 1.3 Reacting masses and volumes</a>. "Use of the experimental method of titration to calculate the concentration of a solution by reference to a standard solution." and also in <a href="../18120/topics-8-18--1.html" title="Core & AHL » Teaching each topic & sub-topic » Topics 8 & 18 ">Topics 8 & 1<strong>8</strong></a>,<strong> </strong>where (in Topic 8.2) it states "Candidates should have experience of acid-base titrations with different indicators". However I think it is better to also do an experiment where they have to prepare the standard solution. Hence this one on oxalic acid which also is more challenging for them to do the calculations afterwards. To help them do this I provide questions to guide them through the process. It also neatly brings in environmental issues for them to consider.</p><hr class="hidden"></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="greenBg"><h2>Teacher’s notes for this experiment</h2><p><img alt="" class="Right noborder" height="190" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/Practicals/rhubarb.jpg" style="width: 195px; height: 190px" title="Rhubarb" width="195">Explain to your students that oxalic acid is poisonous. If rhubarb (which contains oxalic acid) was discovered today would it be a banned foodstuff?</p><p>This experiment builds on the simple NaOH(aq)/HC(aq)l titration above by having the students make up their own standard solution using a volumetric flask. This, together with the balance, increases the uncertainties associated with the apparatus. They should calculate the overall uncertainty in their answer. This introduces an interesting point. They need to determine the molar mass of the oxalic acid by titration then compare it with the calculated molar mass (90.04 + 18x) g mol<sup>−1</sup> to find the value of x (which is 2). If they calculate their total uncertainty based on their value of x it will probably be very large. What they should be doing is calculating the uncertainty associated with the value they determine for the molar mass of the oxalic acid.</p><p>I have left the details of how to calculate the final answer and also the discussion questions on the practical sheet to download and hand out to students. This is because it is usually done early in the course and is a good practical to train them about propagating uncertainties.</p><p>I have written this experiment so that it has an environmental aspect to address Green chemistry by asking them to audit it. Traditional titrations use large quantities of chemicals. What is surprising to the students is that the most expensive chemical they use is not the oxalic acid or the sodium hydroxide but the distilled water. A class of 16 students will use about 6 dm<sup>3</sup> of distilled water. After discussing this I give them the <a href="../16616/a-green-acid-base-practical-1.html" title="Practical scheme of work & IA » Mandatory laboratory components » A green acid-base practical">green acid-base practical</a> and future experiments in the programme are planned with much smaller quantities of chemicals.</p><p>For those that like 'recipe' practicals here is Gordon Ramsey showing how to make making rhubarb crumble.</p><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center"></p><p style="text-align: center"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="280" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/zYyJ4dVOfVE?rel=0" width="360"></iframe></p><p style="text-align: center"><a href="https://youtu.be/zYyJ4dVOfVE">making rhubarb crumble <img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/video-1.png"><span class="anchor" id="video-1" name="video-1"> </span> </a></p><p style="text-align: center"> <a href="/media/ib/chemistry/files/A traditional titration.pdf"> </a></p></div><p style="text-align: center"></p><div class="box"><h2><img alt="Standard Level" class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/standard-1.png" title="Standard Level"> <img alt="Higher Level" class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/higher-1.png" title="Higher Level"> Student worksheet</h2><div><div><p style="text-align: center;"><strong>A TRADITIONAL ACID - ALKALI TITRATION</strong></p><hr class="hidden"><p>Neutralisation occurs between hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions in aqueous solution:</p><p style="text-align: center;">H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>(aq) + OH<sup>-</sup>(aq) ⇌ 2H<sub>2</sub>O(l)</p></div><div style="text-align: center;">( or H<sup>+</sup>(aq) + OH<sup>-</sup>(aq) ⇌ H<sub>2</sub>O(l) )<br> </div><div>A suitable indicator is used which changes <span data-scayt-word="colour" data-wsc-lang="en_US">colour</span> at the 'end point' of the reaction when the pH of the solution corresponds to the presence of the appropriate salt and water only. In this experiment you will use the traditional method of titration to determine the number of moles of water of <span data-scayt-word="crystallisation" data-wsc-lang="en_US">crystallisation</span> in solid crystals of ethane-1,<span data-scayt-word="2-dioic" data-wsc-lang="en_US">2-dioic</span> acid (oxalic acid) which has the formula (<span data-scayt-word="COOH" data-wsc-lang="en_US">COOH</span>)<sub>2</sub>.xH<sub>2</sub>O. This traditional method makes use of volumetric flasks, pipettes and <span data-scayt-word="burettes" data-wsc-lang="en_US">burettes</span> and relies heavily on accurate readings of relatively large volumes.<hr class="hidden"><strong>ENVIRONMENTAL CARE</strong>: Although oxalic acid is quite poisonous it is a natural product (it occurs in the leaves of rhubarb) so dilute solutions of it should not affect the environment unduly and can be disposed of down the sink. At the end of this experiment you will carry out an environmental audit.<hr class="hidden"><strong>SAFETY:</strong> You must use a pipette filler and not your mouth whenever you use a pipette. Remember oxalic acid is poisonous.<hr class="hidden"><strong>PROCEDURE:</strong> Weigh out accurately about 1.5 g of crystals of oxalic acid. Dissolve it in distilled water and make up the total volume to 250 cm<sup>3</sup> in a volumetric flask. Pipette 25.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.100 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> sodium hydroxide solution into a conical flask, add two drops of phenolphthalein and run oxalic acid solution from a <span data-scayt-word="burette" data-wsc-lang="en_US">burette</span> into the flask, swirling continuously, until the indicator just loses its <span data-scayt-word="colour" data-wsc-lang="en_US">colour</span>. Repeat the procedure to get two accurate results (within 0.10 cm<sup>3</sup> ).<hr class="hidden"><p><strong>CALCULATION</strong></p><p><strong>1. </strong>Write an equation for the reaction. (Remember oxalic acid is a <span data-scayt-word="diprotic" data-wsc-lang="en_US">diprotic</span> acid, i.e. one mole of acid reacts with two moles of sodium hydroxide)</p><p><strong>2.</strong> What amount (in mol) of <span data-scayt-word="NaOH" data-wsc-lang="en_US">NaOH</span> is present in 25.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.100 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> sodium hydroxide solution?</p><p><strong>3.</strong> What amount (in mol) of oxalic acid was present in the average volume required to react exactly with the sodium hydroxide solution?</p><p><strong>4.</strong> What amount (in mol) of oxalic acid was present in your 250 cm<sup>3</sup> volumetric flask?</p><p><strong>5.</strong> What is the mass of one mole of oxalic acid?</p><p><strong>6. </strong>How many molecules of water of <span data-scayt-word="crystallisation" data-wsc-lang="en_US">crystallisation</span> are present in one mole?</p></div><div><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>DISCUSSION</strong></p><p><strong>1.</strong> Estimate the degree of uncertainty in your readings using the balance, the volumetric flask, the pipette and the <span data-scayt-word="burette" data-wsc-lang="en_US">burette</span>. How accurately can you quote your answer?</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Compare your answer with the correct answer and work out the percentage error<strong>.</strong></p><p><strong>3.</strong> Suggest any other reasons for possible error.</p><p><strong>4.</strong> Audit your experiment both financially and environmentally. Work out the total amounts of all reactants (ignore the few drops of phenolphthalein) and the total cost. What is thrown away during the experiment? Scale up your values for the whole class.</p></div><hr class="hidden"></div></div><hr class="hidden"><div>This worksheet can also be downloaded from:</div><div><a href="/media/ib/chemistry/files/2014%20practicals/Traditional%20acid%20base%20titration.pdf" target="_blank" title="Worksheets"><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/exercise-1.png"> <img alt="" height="16" src="../../../img/tib-icons/standard-level-24-1.png" title="" width="16"> <img alt="" height="16" src="../../../img/tib-icons/higher-level-24-1.png" title="" width="16"> Acid-base titration</a></div><div></div><div></div><div><br> </div></section></article><section id="media-extras"><div class="page-actions no-print navbar inline hidden-desktop"><div class="navbar-inner"><ul class="nav"><li><a class="presentation" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-desktop"></i></a></li><li><a class="print-section-blog" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-print"></i></a></li><li><a class="page-bookmarker" data-ticket="IB Docs (2) Team" data-pid="16615" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star"></i></a></li><li><a class="personal-notes" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-file-text"></i></a></li><li><a class="" data-toggle="modal" href="#modal-feedback" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></a></li><li class="dropdown"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-target="#" href="#"><i class="fa fa-share-alt"></i></a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Twitter" href="https://twitter.com/share?text=%22Acid-base+titrations+%22+-+via+%40InThinker+%23chemistry%0A&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F16615%2Facid-base-titrations-"><i class="fa fa-twitter-square"></i><span>Twitter</span></a></li><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F16615%2Facid-base-titrations-&t=Acid-base+titrations+"><i class="fa fa-facebook-square"></i><span>Facebook</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F16615%2Facid-base-titrations-"><i class="fa fa-linkedin-square"></i><span>LinkedIn</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="https://plus.google.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F16615%2Facid-base-titrations-"><i class="fa fa-google-plus-square"></i><span>Google +</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="mailto:?subject=Acid-base titrations &body=Before giving this experiment I usually get the students to do a simple acid base titration to introduce them to the correct technique of titration. 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