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<title>DP Chemistry: pH regulation of the stomach</title>
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</a></li><li><a href="../19287/proteins-enzymes--1.html">Proteins & enzymes </a></li><li><a href="../19291/lipids-1.html">Lipids</a></li><li><a href="../19299/carbohydrates--1.html">Carbohydrates </a></li><li><a href="../19305/vitamins--1.html">Vitamins </a></li><li><a href="../19313/biochemistry-the-environment--1.html">Biochemistry & the environment </a></li><li><a href="../19336/proteins-enzymes-ahl--1.html">Proteins & enzymes (AHL) </a></li><li><a href="../19347/nucleic-acids--1.html">Nucleic acids </a></li><li><a href="../19361/biological-pigments--1.html">Biological pigments </a></li><li><a href="../19366/stereochemistry-in-biomolecules-1.html">Stereochemistry in biomolecules</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../19390/option-c--1.html" class="father">Option C </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../19391/energy-sources-1.html">Energy sources</a></li><li><a href="../19407/fossil-fuels-1.html">Fossil fuels</a></li><li><a href="../19411/nuclear-fusion-nuclear-fission-reactions-1.html">Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission reactions</a></li><li><a href="../19429/solar-energy-1.html">Solar energy</a></li><li><a href="../19437/environmental-impact-global-warming-1.html">Environmental impact - global warming</a></li><li><a href="../19453/electrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells-1.html">Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells</a></li><li><a href="../19458/nuclear-fusion-fission-hl--1.html">Nuclear fusion & fission (HL) </a></li><li><a href="../19470/photovoltaic-cells-and-dsscs-1.html">Photovoltaic cells and DSSCs</a></li></ul></li><li class="selected"><a href="../19078/option-d-1.html" class="father">Option D</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../19079/pharmaceutical-products-drug-action--1.html">Pharmaceutical products & drug action </a></li><li><a href="../19158/aspirin-penicillin--1.html">Aspirin & penicillin </a></li><li><a href="../19174/opiates-1.html">Opiates</a></li><li class="selected"><a href="ph-regulation-of-the-stomach-1.html">pH regulation of the stomach</a></li><li><a href="../19194/antiviral-medications--1.html">Antiviral medications </a></li><li><a href="../19211/environmental-impact-of-some-medications-1.html">Environmental impact of some medications</a></li><li><a href="../19254/taxol-a-chiral-auxiliary-case-study-1.html">Taxol - a chiral auxiliary case study</a></li><li><a href="../19258/nuclear-medicine--1.html">Nuclear medicine </a></li><li><a href="../19273/drug-detection-analysis--1.html">Drug detection & analysis </a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16592/practical-scheme-of-work-ia--1.html">Practical scheme of work & IA </a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../16682/internal-assessment-1.html" class="father">Internal Assessment</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../18892/scaffolding-the-investigation-1.html">'Scaffolding' the investigation</a></li><li><a href="../18896/timing-organisation--1.html">Timing & organisation </a></li><li><a href="../18905/choosing-the-research-question-1.html">Choosing the research question</a></li><li><a href="../18946/personal-engagement-1.html">Personal engagement</a></li><li><a href="../18950/exploration-1.html">Exploration</a></li><li><a href="../18957/analysis-1.html">Analysis</a></li><li><a href="../18965/evaluation-1.html">Evaluation</a></li><li><a href="../18966/communication-1.html">Communication</a></li><li><a href="../19882/internal-standardization-of-the-ia-1.html">Internal standardization of the IA</a></li><li><a href="../19901/submitting-the-samples-for-moderation-2.html">Submitting the samples for moderation</a></li><li><a href="../33754/ten-suggestions-for-ias-using-secondary-data-1.html">Ten suggestions for IAs using secondary data</a></li><li><a href="../37544/gaining-full-marks-for-a-databased-ia--1.html">Gaining full marks for a databased IA </a></li><li><a href="../19506/ia-example-marking-exercise--1.html">IA example & marking exercise </a></li><li><a href="../23929/genuine-examples-of-moderated-ia-reports-1.html">Genuine examples of moderated IA reports</a></li><li><a href="../25234/examples-of-teacher-marked-ia-reports--1.html">Examples of teacher-marked IA reports </a></li><li><a href="../37542/history-of-internal-assessment-1.html">History of Internal Assessment</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16598/mandatory-laboratory-components-1.html" class="father">Mandatory laboratory components</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16613/formula-of-magnesium-oxide--1.html">Formula of magnesium oxide </a></li><li><a href="../16612/determining-the-mr-of-an-unknown-gas-1.html">Determining the <i>M</i><sub>r</sub> of an unknown gas</a></li><li><a href="../16615/acid-base-titrations--1.html">Acid-base titrations </a></li><li><a href="../16616/a-green-acid-base-practical-1.html">A green acid-base practical</a></li><li><a href="../16617/analysis-of-aspirin-tablets-1.html">Analysis of aspirin tablets</a></li><li><a href="../16618/caco3-in-egg-shells-1.html">CaCO<sub>3</sub> in egg shells</a></li><li><a href="../16644/enthalpy-changes-1.html">Enthalpy changes</a></li><li><a href="../16631/reaction-rates-1.html">Reaction rates</a></li><li><a href="../16635/rate-dependent-factors-1.html">Rate-dependent factors</a></li><li><a href="../16636/determining-ea-for-a-reaction-1.html">Determining <i>E</i><sub>a</sub> for a reaction</a></li><li><a href="../16637/iodination-of-propanone-1.html">Iodination of propanone</a></li><li><a href="../18144/titrations-with-a-ph-meter-1.html">Titrations with a pH meter</a></li><li><a href="../18355/redox-titration-with-kmno4--1.html">Redox titration with KMnO<sub>4</sub> </a></li><li><a href="../16640/voltaic-cells-1.html">Voltaic cells</a></li><li><a href="../16659/3-d-molecular-modelling--1.html">3-D molecular modelling </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../17168/other-good-practicals-1.html" class="father">Other good practicals</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../17196/common-chemical-reactions-1.html">Common chemical reactions</a></li><li><a href="../227/elements-oxides-of-the-third-period--1.html">Elements & oxides of the third period </a></li><li><a href="../17239/the-halogens-1.html">The halogens</a></li><li><a href="../17162/boiling-points-of-mixtures-1.html">Boiling points of mixtures</a></li><li><a href="../17170/polarity-of-molecules-1.html">Polarity of molecules</a></li><li><a href="../18083/le-chateliers-principle--1.html">Le Chatelier's principle </a></li><li><a href="../19582/determining-kc-for-an-esterification-reaction-1.html">Determining <i>K</i><sub>c</sub> for an esterification reaction</a></li><li><a href="../18164/redox-reactions-of-vanadium--1.html">Redox reactions of vanadium </a></li><li><a href="../18351/chlorine-in-swimming-pools--1.html">Chlorine in swimming pools </a></li><li><a href="../18178/analysis-of-cuii-ions-in-solution--1.html">Analysis of Cu(II) ions in solution </a></li><li><a href="../18179/percentage-of-copper-in-brass-1.html">Percentage of copper in brass</a></li><li><a href="../18356/electrolytic-cells--1.html">Electrolytic cells </a></li><li><a href="../18598/reactions-of-organic-compounds-1.html">Reactions of organic compounds</a></li><li><a href="../18752/hydrolysis-of-halogenoalkanes-1.html">Hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes</a></li><li><a href="../18784/preparation-of-13-dinitrobenzene--1.html">Preparation of 1,3-dinitrobenzene </a></li><li><a href="../19022/determination-of-an-organic-structure-1.html">Determination of an organic structure</a></li><li><a href="../19887/preparation-of-nylon-66-1.html">Preparation of nylon 6,6</a></li><li><a href="../19343/determination-of-vitamin-c-content--1.html">Determination of vitamin C content </a></li><li><a href="../19342/hydrolysis-of-starch--1.html">Hydrolysis of starch </a></li><li><a href="../19159/preparation-purification-of-aspirin--1.html">Preparation & purification of aspirin </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../18851/ict-in-practical-work-1.html" class="father">ICT in practical work</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../18852/data-logging--1.html">Data logging </a></li><li><a href="../18853/software-for-graph-plotting--1.html">Software for graph plotting </a></li><li><a href="../18854/spreadsheets-for-data-processing--1.html">Spreadsheets for data processing </a></li><li><a href="../18855/databases-1.html">Databases</a></li><li><a href="../18856/computer-modelling-simulations--1.html">Computer modelling & simulations </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16594/group-4-project-1.html" class="father">Group 4 Project</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16595/practicalities-1.html">Practicalities</a></li><li><a href="../16596/reflective-statement--2.html">Reflective statement </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16666/a-new-laboratory-1.html">A new laboratory?</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16284/exams-1.html">Exams</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../16286/essential-facts-1.html" class="father">Essential Facts</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16287/objectives-command-terms-1.html">Objectives & command terms</a></li><li><a href="../16288/grade-descriptors-1.html">Grade descriptors</a></li><li><a href="../16289/grade-boundaries-1.html">Grade boundaries</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16302/paper-1-multiple-choice-1.html" class="father">Paper 1 (Multiple Choice)</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16303/advice-to-students-paper-1-1.html">Advice to students (Paper 1)</a></li><li><a href="../31515/practice-paper-1-exams-1.html">Practice Paper 1 exams</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16305/paper-2-1.html" class="father">Paper 2</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16306/advice-to-students-paper-2-1.html">Advice to students (Paper 2)</a></li><li><a href="../16307/areas-of-difficulty-1.html">Areas of difficulty</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16313/paper-3--1.html" class="father">Paper 3 </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a 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href="../16323/retaking-the-exam-1.html">Retaking the exam</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16325/faqs-1.html">FAQs</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../3147/ib-core-1.html">IB Core</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../3149/learner-profile-1.html">Learner Profile</a></li><li><a href="../21735/extended-essays--1.html" class="father">Extended Essays </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../21736/overview--1.html">Overview </a></li><li><a href="../21780/responsibilities-1.html">Responsibilities</a></li><li><a href="../21790/resources-1.html">Resources</a></li><li><a href="../21800/research-1.html">Research</a></li><li><a href="../21804/writing-the-essay-1.html">Writing the essay</a></li><li><a href="../21810/assessment-1.html">Assessment</a></li><li><a href="../22434/summary-of-advice--1.html">Summary of advice </a></li><li><a href="../25272/faqs--1.html">FAQs </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../307/theory-of-knowledge-tok-1.html" class="father">Theory of Knowledge (TOK)</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../41171/the-12-tok-concepts-1.html">The 12 TOK concepts</a></li><li><a href="../3507/why-tok-chemistry-1.html">Why TOK & Chemistry?</a></li><li><a href="../3505/a-modern-paradigm-1.html">A modern paradigm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="../17783/fast-track-to-tests-questions-1.html">Fast track to tests & questions</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../17784/sl-multiple-choice-tests-on-individual-topics-1.html">SL Multiple choice tests on individual topics</a></li><li><a href="../24351/sl-multiple-choice-quizzes-on-sub-topics-1.html">SL Multiple choice 'quizzes' on sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../31519/sl-practice-paper-1-exams-1.html">SL Practice Paper 1 exams</a></li><li><a href="../17786/sl-questions-on-each-sub-topic-1.html">SL Questions on each sub-topic</a></li><li><a href="../20431/sl-paper-3-section-a-questions-1.html">SL Paper 3 Section A questions</a></li><li><a href="../17792/sl-questions-on-the-options-1.html">SL Questions on the options</a></li><li><a href="../24897/sl-quizzes-on-option-sub-topics--1.html">SL Quizzes on option sub-topics </a></li><li><a href="../17785/hl-multiple-choice-tests-on-individual-topics-1.html">HL Multiple choice tests on individual topics</a></li><li><a href="../24352/hl-multiple-choice-quizzes-on-sub-topics-1.html">HL Multiple choice 'quizzes' on sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../31520/hl-practice-paper-1-exams--1.html">HL Practice Paper 1 exams </a></li><li><a href="../17787/hl-questions-on-each-sub-topic--1.html">HL Questions on each sub-topic </a></li><li><a href="../20428/hl-paper-3-section-a-questions-1.html">HL Paper 3 Section A questions</a></li><li><a href="../17793/hl-questions-on-the-options-1.html">HL Questions on the options</a></li><li><a href="../24973/hl-quizzes-on-option-sub-topics-1.html">HL Quizzes on option sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../41573/printable-versions-of-written-tasks--1.html">Printable versions of written tasks </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../41465/complete-course-for-students--2.html">Complete course for students </a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../27988/full-coverage-of-each-topic-and-sub-topic-2.html" class="father">Full coverage of each topic and sub-topic</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../27959/topic-1-stoichiometric-relationships-1.html">Topic 1 : Stoichiometric relationships</a></li><li><a href="../27960/topics-2-12-atomic-structure-1.html">Topics 2 & 12 : Atomic structure</a></li><li><a href="../27965/topics-3-13-periodicity-1.html">Topics 3 & 13 : Periodicity</a></li><li><a href="../27971/topics-4-14-chemical-bonding-structure-1.html">Topics 4 & 14 : Chemical bonding & structure</a></li><li><a href="../27987/topics-5-15-energeticsthermochemistry-1.html">Topics 5 & 15 : Energetics/thermochemistry</a></li><li><a href="../27995/topics-6-16-chemical-kinetics-1.html">Topics 6 & 16 : Chemical kinetics</a></li><li><a href="../28001/topics-7-17-equilibrium--1.html">Topics 7 & 17 : Equilibrium 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biomolecules</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25034/mc-test-stereochemistry-in-biomolecules--1.html" title="MC test: Stereochemistry in biomolecules ">MC test: Stereochemistry in biomolecules </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19373/stereochemistry-in-biomolecules-questions-1.html" title="Stereochemistry in biomolecules questions">Stereochemistry in biomolecules questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24871/stereochemistry-in-biomolecules-answers--1.html" title="Stereochemistry in biomolecules answers ">Stereochemistry in biomolecules answers </a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19390/option-c--1.html" title="Option C ">Option C </a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" 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</div><section id="main-content"><div id="toc-1672969706" class="toc"><a href="#" class="toc-switcher" title="Show table of contents"><small><i class="fa fa-reorder"></i> Table of contents <span class="pull-right"><i class="fa fa-chevron-down"></i></span></small></a></div><h1><strong><img alt="" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014-Options/Option-D/H-H1.jpg" style="width: 2px; height: 1px;"><img alt="" height="21" src="../../../img/tib-icons/standard-level-32-1.png" title="" width="21"> <img alt="" height="21" src="../../../img/tib-icons/higher-level-32-1.png" title="" width="21"> D.4 pH regulation of the stomach (3 hours)</strong></h1><div class="pinkBg"><h2>Pause for thought</h2><p>Parts of this sub-topic could be a real problem if you are a Standard Level student - somehow there seems to be a mismatch between the content in the core topics and the content of the core part of the option. In Topic 8: Acids and bases, which forms part of the main core, you do cover the definition of pH, but you do not cover acid or base ionization constants, <em>K</em><sub>a</sub> or <em>K</em><sub>b</sub>, or p<em>K</em><sub>a</sub> or p<em>K</em><sub>b</sub>, or the relationship between p<em>K</em><sub>a</sub> and p<em>K</em><sub>b</sub>. Neither do you learn anything about buffer solutions, nor pH curves so you will are not familiar with the half-equivalence point. In sub-topic 18.3, even Higher Level students are not required to solve buffer calculations and yet in this core sub-topic, Standard Level students as well as Higher Level students are expected to solve problems involving buffer solutions by using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation.</p><p>Because you will always have access to the data booklet in the examination for this option you do not need to remember the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. However to expect you to apply this equation without any understanding seems contrary to the good teaching the IB expects. In fact, in the past I have never used the equation as such as I prefer students to always work from first principles rather than learn or use an unnecessary equation. All you need to know to solve buffer calculations is that pH = −log<sub>10</sub> [H<sup>+</sup>(aq)] (Topic 8) and from this you can deduce that p<em>K</em><sub>a</sub> = −log<sub>10</sub><em> </em><em>K</em><sub>a</sub>. You also need to know that for a weak acid in water HA(aq), the acid dissociation constant, <em>K<sub>a</sub></em> can be expressed just like any other equilibrium constant (Topic 6), i.e.</p><p><img alt="" class="noborder" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014-Options/Option-D/H-H1.jpg" style="width: 210px; height: 82px;"></p><p>Although not necessary to solve problems, the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation can easily be derived from this.</p><p>If logarithms to the base ten are then taken the equation becomes</p><p><img alt="" class="noborder" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014-Options/Option-D/H-H2.jpg" style="height: 82px; width: 359px;"></p><p>Subtract log<sub>10</sub> <em>K</em><sub>a</sub> and log<sub>10</sub><sub> </sub>[H<sup>+</sup>(aq)] from both sides so it becomes</p><p><img alt="" class="noborder" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014-Options/Option-D/H-H3.jpg" style="width: 391px; height: 91px;"></p><p>Substituting the definitions for pH and p<em>K</em><sub>a</sub> gives the normal expression for the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation</p><p><img alt="" class="noborder" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014-Options/Option-D/H-H4.jpg" style="width: 244px; height: 86px;"></p><p>I suspect (hope?) that for Standard Level students the calculations will mainly focus on the special case when the concentration of the salt is equal to the concentration of the acid, i.e. at the half-equivalence point when a weak acid is titrated with a strong base. At this point [A<sup>−</sup>(aq)]/[HA(aq)] = 1, so log<sub>10</sub> ([A<sup>−</sup>(aq)]/[HA(aq)]) = zero and the pH = p<em>K</em><sub>a</sub>.</p><p>In fact you should realise that there is no need to use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation at all to arrive at this conclusion as it comes directly from the equilibrium expression for the acid dissociation. When [A<sup>−</sup>(aq)] = [HA(aq)] then <em>K</em><sub>a</sub> is simply equal to [H<sup>+</sup>(aq)] and hence pH = p<em>K</em><sub>a</sub>.</p><hr class="hidden"></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="box"><h2>Nature of Science</h2><p>The symptoms of dyspepsia include the overproduction of stomach acid. There are several different ways in which this can be treated. These includes the prescription of antacids to neutralize the acid, the use of H2-receptor antagonists and the use of proton pump inhibitors which work by preventing the production of stomach acid. The effectiveness of these different treatments can be assessed through collecting data by sampling and trialling.</p><hr class="hidden"></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="box"><div class="greenBg"><div class="row-fluid"><div class="span6 col-left"><div><h2>Learning outcomes</h2><p>After studying this topic students should be able to:</p><p><strong><strong>Understand</strong></strong></p><ul><li>Antacids reduce excess stomach acid.</li><li>The active form(s) of a drug after it has been processed by the body are called active metabolites.</li></ul><p><strong>Apply their knowledge to:</strong></p><ul><li>Explain how excess acidity in the stomach can be reduced by the use of different bases.</li><li>Construct and balance equations for neutralization reactions and apply theses equations using their stoichiometry.</li><li>Solve buffer problems using the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation.</li><li>Explain how compounds, such as ranitidine (Zantac), can be used to inhibit stomach acid production.</li><li>Explain how compounds, such as omeprazole (Prilosec) and esomeprazole (Nexium), are used to suppress acid secretion in the stomach.</li></ul></div></div><div class="span6"><div><div style="clear:both;"><h4><strong>Clarification notes</strong></h4><p>Examples of antacid compounds include calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, <span data-scayt-word="aluminium" data-wsc-lang="en_US">aluminium</span> hydroxide, sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate.</p><p><br>The structures for <span data-scayt-word="ranitidine" data-wsc-lang="en_US">ranitidine</span> and <span data-scayt-word="omeprazole" data-wsc-lang="en_US">omeprazole</span> can be found in Section 37 of the data booklet.</p><p>Note that the current guide (dated February 2015) says that the structure of <span data-scayt-word="esomeprazole" data-wsc-lang="en_US">esomeprazole</span> (not <span data-scayt-word="omeprazole" data-wsc-lang="en_US">omeprazole</span>) is given. In fact in Section 37 of the current data booklet (Version 2, dated June 2014) only the structure of <span data-scayt-word="omeprazole" data-wsc-lang="en_US">omeprazole</span> is given, not <span data-scayt-word="esomeprazole" data-wsc-lang="en_US">esomeprazole</span>. <span data-scayt-word="Omeprazole" data-wsc-lang="en_US">Omeprazole</span> is actually a racemic mixture, whereas <span data-scayt-word="esomeprazole" data-wsc-lang="en_US">esomeprazole</span> is a specific <span data-scayt-word="enantiomer" data-wsc-lang="en_US">enantiomer</span>, but <span data-scayt-word="enantiomers" data-wsc-lang="en_US">enantiomers</span> are not on the core programme.</p><hr class="hidden"><h4><strong>International-mindedness</strong></h4><p>The need for pH regulation of the stomach can be affected by the diet, lifestyle and genetics etc. of different cultures.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="box"><div class="row-fluid"><div class="span6 col-left"><div><h2>Teaching tips</h2><p>This sub-topic focuses on three different ways to combat excess acidity in the stomach (dyspepsia). Students need to know about the normal pH of gastric juices, which lies in the region of about 1-2.5. The first way has basically been covered already in Topic 8: Acids and bases as it involves neutralising the excess acid with a base. Get students to write the equations for the reactions of the oxides and hydroxides of magnesium and aluminium with hydrochloric acid and also the reactions of carbonates and hydrogencarbonates with hydrochloric acid. They will also need practice with questions to calculate which particular antacids will be able to neutralise the most acid.</p><p>Most commercial antacids also include other ingredients. The previous programme included the role of the neutralising layer of alginates to prevent stomach acid from rising up the oesophagus to cause heartburn and the role of anti-foaming agents such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), known as dimethicone, which help to reduce trapped gases (wind). It would appear that knowledge of alginates and anti-foaming agents and is no longer required.</p><p>The second method involves the use of drugs like ranitidine. These bind to the H2 histamine receptor in the cells of the gastric lining and prevent secretion of the acid in the stomach. The third method involves the use of drugs (e.g. omeprazole and esomeprazole), which restrict the amount of acid produced by inhibiting a particular enzyme, known as the gastric proton pump, involved in its production. Note that since the syllabus was produced both PPIs and H2 receptor blockers have been shown to have potentially serious side effects - see <a href="chemistry/blog/30054/the-danger-of-prolonged-use-of-proton-pump-inhibitors-" title="The danger of prolonged use of proton pump inhibitors ">The danger of prolonged use of proton pump inhibitors </a>and <a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/blog/31320/sales-of-zantac-suspended" title="Sales of Zantac<sup>®</sup> suspended">Sales of Zantac® suspended</a>.</p><p>Finally you will need to teach about buffer solutions and give examples of buffer calculations. For Standard Level students this will require a considerable amount of new background theory - see 'Pause for thought'</p><hr class="hidden"></div></div><div class="span6"><div><h4>Study guide</h4><p><img alt="" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014%20Basic%20information/New%20cover.jpg" style="width: 67px; height: 96px;"></p><p>Pages 158 & 159</p><hr class="hidden"><h2>Questions</h2><p>For ten 'quiz' questions (for quick testing of knowledge and understanding with the answers explained) see <a href="../25683/mc-test-ph-regulation-of-the-stomach-1.html" title="Options » Option D » pH regulation of the stomach » MC test: pH regulation of the stomach">MC test: pH regulation of the stomach</a>.</p><p>For short-answer questions see <a href="../19185/ph-regulation-of-the-stomach-questions--1.html" title="Options » Option D » pH regulation of the stomach » pH regulation of the stomach questions ">pH regulation of the stomach questions </a>together with the worked answers on a separate page <a href="../25391/ph-regulation-of-the-stomach-answers-1.html" title="Options » Option D » pH regulation of the stomach » pH regulation of the stomach answers">pH regulation of the stomach answers</a>.</p><hr class="hidden"><h4>Vocabulary list</h4><p>dyspepsia<br>antacid<br>metabolite<br>Henderson-Hasselbalch equation<br>ranitidine<br>omeprazole<br>esomeprazole<br>H2 receptor antagonist<br>proton pump inhibitor</p></div></div><hr class="hidden"></div></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="greenBg"><h2 id="header-6">Teaching slides</h2><p>You can use this slide gallery for learning or for reviewing concepts and information. It covers all the key points in the syllabus for this sub-topic.</p><div id="myCarousel-9" class="carousel slide" data-id="582"><!-- Carousel items --><div class="carousel-inner"><div class="active item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-582/d41.png" rel="gallery-582" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-582/d41.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>pH regulation of the stomach: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-582/d42.png" rel="gallery-582" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-582/d42.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>pH regulation of the stomach: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-582/d43.png" rel="gallery-582" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-582/d43.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>pH regulation of the stomach: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-582/d44.png" rel="gallery-582" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-582/d44.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>pH regulation of the stomach: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-582/d45.png" rel="gallery-582" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-582/d45.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>pH regulation of the stomach: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-582/d46.png" rel="gallery-582" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-582/d46.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>pH regulation of the stomach: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-582/d47.png" rel="gallery-582" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-582/d47.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>pH regulation of the stomach: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-582/d48.png" rel="gallery-582" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-582/d48.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>pH regulation of the stomach: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-582/d49.png" rel="gallery-582" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-582/d49.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>pH regulation of the stomach: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-582/d410.png" rel="gallery-582" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-582/d410.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>pH regulation of the stomach: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-582/d411.png" rel="gallery-582" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-582/d411.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>pH regulation of the stomach: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-582/d412.png" rel="gallery-582" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-582/d412.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>pH regulation of the stomach: </p></div></div></div><!-- Carousel nav --><a class="carousel-control left" href="#myCarousel-9" data-slide="prev">‹</a><a class="carousel-control right" href="#myCarousel-9" data-slide="next">›</a><div class="tib-indicators"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 10px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-582/d41-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-582/d42-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-582/d43-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-582/d44-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-582/d45-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-582/d46-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-582/d47-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-582/d48-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-582/d49-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-582/d410-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-582/d411-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-582/d412-thumb128.jpg"></div></div><p> </p></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="blueBg"><h2><span style="font-weight: bold;">Other resources</span></h2><p><strong>1.</strong> A helpful <a href="http://www.patient.co.uk/health/Antacids.htm">article from Patient UK</a> which explains what antacids are and how they work.</p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>2. </strong>A rather nice explanation, including an animation, of how ranitidine works by binding to the H2-histamine receptor.</p><p style="text-align: center"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="280" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/jstP3IZGLsc" width="360"></iframe></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://youtu.be/jstP3IZGLsc" target="_blank" title="Videos"><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/video-1.png"><span class="anchor" id="video-1" name="video-1"> </span> Action of ranitidine</a></p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>3. </strong>Another animation to show how proton pump inhibitors work.</p><p style="text-align: center"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="280" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/H7LNp3zsS08?rel=0" width="360"></iframe></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://youtu.be/H7LNp3zsS08" target="_blank" title="Videos"><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/video-1.png"><span class="anchor" id="video-2" name="video-2"> </span> Action of proton pump inhibitors </a></p><hr class="hidden"></div></section></article><section id="media-extras"><div class="page-actions no-print navbar inline hidden-desktop"><div class="navbar-inner"><ul class="nav"><li><a class="presentation" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-desktop"></i></a></li><li><a class="print-section-blog" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-print"></i></a></li><li><a class="page-bookmarker" data-ticket="IB Docs (2) Team" data-pid="19184" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star"></i></a></li><li><a class="personal-notes" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-file-text"></i></a></li><li><a class="" data-toggle="modal" href="#modal-feedback" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></a></li><li class="dropdown"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-target="#" href="#"><i class="fa fa-share-alt"></i></a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Twitter" href="https://twitter.com/share?text=%22pH+regulation+of+the+stomach%22+-+via+%40InThinker+%23chemistry%0A&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F19184%2Fph-regulation-of-the-stomach"><i class="fa fa-twitter-square"></i><span>Twitter</span></a></li><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F19184%2Fph-regulation-of-the-stomach&t=pH+regulation+of+the+stomach"><i class="fa fa-facebook-square"></i><span>Facebook</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F19184%2Fph-regulation-of-the-stomach"><i class="fa fa-linkedin-square"></i><span>LinkedIn</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="https://plus.google.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F19184%2Fph-regulation-of-the-stomach"><i class="fa fa-google-plus-square"></i><span>Google +</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="mailto:?subject=pH regulation of the stomach&body=Parts of this sub-topic could be a real problem if you are a Standard Level student - somehow there seems to be a mismatch between the content in the core topics and the content of the core part of the option. 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