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</a></li><li><a href="../19287/proteins-enzymes--1.html">Proteins & enzymes </a></li><li><a href="../19291/lipids-1.html">Lipids</a></li><li><a href="../19299/carbohydrates--1.html">Carbohydrates </a></li><li><a href="../19305/vitamins--1.html">Vitamins </a></li><li><a href="../19313/biochemistry-the-environment--1.html">Biochemistry & the environment </a></li><li><a href="../19336/proteins-enzymes-ahl--1.html">Proteins & enzymes (AHL) </a></li><li><a href="../19347/nucleic-acids--1.html">Nucleic acids </a></li><li><a href="../19361/biological-pigments--1.html">Biological pigments </a></li><li><a href="../19366/stereochemistry-in-biomolecules-1.html">Stereochemistry in biomolecules</a></li></ul></li><li class="selected"><a href="../19390/option-c--1.html" class="father">Option C </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../19391/energy-sources-1.html">Energy sources</a></li><li><a href="../19407/fossil-fuels-1.html">Fossil fuels</a></li><li class="selected"><a href="nuclear-fusion-nuclear-fission-reactions-1.html">Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission reactions</a></li><li><a href="../19429/solar-energy-1.html">Solar energy</a></li><li><a href="../19437/environmental-impact-global-warming-1.html">Environmental impact - global warming</a></li><li><a href="../19453/electrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells-1.html">Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells</a></li><li><a href="../19458/nuclear-fusion-fission-hl--1.html">Nuclear fusion & fission (HL) </a></li><li><a href="../19470/photovoltaic-cells-and-dsscs-1.html">Photovoltaic cells and DSSCs</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../19078/option-d-1.html" class="father">Option D</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../19079/pharmaceutical-products-drug-action--1.html">Pharmaceutical products & drug action </a></li><li><a href="../19158/aspirin-penicillin--1.html">Aspirin & penicillin </a></li><li><a href="../19174/opiates-1.html">Opiates</a></li><li><a href="../19184/ph-regulation-of-the-stomach-1.html">pH regulation of the stomach</a></li><li><a href="../19194/antiviral-medications--1.html">Antiviral medications </a></li><li><a href="../19211/environmental-impact-of-some-medications-1.html">Environmental impact of some medications</a></li><li><a href="../19254/taxol-a-chiral-auxiliary-case-study-1.html">Taxol - a chiral auxiliary case study</a></li><li><a href="../19258/nuclear-medicine--1.html">Nuclear medicine </a></li><li><a href="../19273/drug-detection-analysis--1.html">Drug detection & analysis </a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16592/practical-scheme-of-work-ia--1.html">Practical scheme of work & IA </a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../16682/internal-assessment-1.html" class="father">Internal Assessment</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../18892/scaffolding-the-investigation-1.html">'Scaffolding' the investigation</a></li><li><a href="../18896/timing-organisation--1.html">Timing & organisation </a></li><li><a href="../18905/choosing-the-research-question-1.html">Choosing the research question</a></li><li><a href="../18946/personal-engagement-1.html">Personal engagement</a></li><li><a href="../18950/exploration-1.html">Exploration</a></li><li><a href="../18957/analysis-1.html">Analysis</a></li><li><a href="../18965/evaluation-1.html">Evaluation</a></li><li><a href="../18966/communication-1.html">Communication</a></li><li><a href="../19882/internal-standardization-of-the-ia-1.html">Internal standardization of the IA</a></li><li><a href="../19901/submitting-the-samples-for-moderation-2.html">Submitting the samples for moderation</a></li><li><a href="../33754/ten-suggestions-for-ias-using-secondary-data-1.html">Ten suggestions for IAs using secondary data</a></li><li><a href="../37544/gaining-full-marks-for-a-databased-ia--1.html">Gaining full marks for a databased IA </a></li><li><a href="../19506/ia-example-marking-exercise--1.html">IA example & marking exercise </a></li><li><a href="../23929/genuine-examples-of-moderated-ia-reports-1.html">Genuine examples of moderated IA reports</a></li><li><a href="../25234/examples-of-teacher-marked-ia-reports--1.html">Examples of teacher-marked IA reports </a></li><li><a href="../37542/history-of-internal-assessment-1.html">History of Internal Assessment</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16598/mandatory-laboratory-components-1.html" class="father">Mandatory laboratory components</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16613/formula-of-magnesium-oxide--1.html">Formula of magnesium oxide </a></li><li><a href="../16612/determining-the-mr-of-an-unknown-gas-1.html">Determining the <i>M</i><sub>r</sub> of an unknown gas</a></li><li><a href="../16615/acid-base-titrations--1.html">Acid-base titrations </a></li><li><a href="../16616/a-green-acid-base-practical-1.html">A green acid-base practical</a></li><li><a href="../16617/analysis-of-aspirin-tablets-1.html">Analysis of aspirin tablets</a></li><li><a href="../16618/caco3-in-egg-shells-1.html">CaCO<sub>3</sub> in egg shells</a></li><li><a href="../16644/enthalpy-changes-1.html">Enthalpy changes</a></li><li><a href="../16631/reaction-rates-1.html">Reaction rates</a></li><li><a href="../16635/rate-dependent-factors-1.html">Rate-dependent factors</a></li><li><a href="../16636/determining-ea-for-a-reaction-1.html">Determining <i>E</i><sub>a</sub> for a reaction</a></li><li><a href="../16637/iodination-of-propanone-1.html">Iodination of propanone</a></li><li><a href="../18144/titrations-with-a-ph-meter-1.html">Titrations with a pH meter</a></li><li><a href="../18355/redox-titration-with-kmno4--1.html">Redox titration with KMnO<sub>4</sub> </a></li><li><a href="../16640/voltaic-cells-1.html">Voltaic cells</a></li><li><a href="../16659/3-d-molecular-modelling--1.html">3-D molecular modelling </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../17168/other-good-practicals-1.html" class="father">Other good practicals</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../17196/common-chemical-reactions-1.html">Common chemical reactions</a></li><li><a href="../227/elements-oxides-of-the-third-period--1.html">Elements & oxides of the third period </a></li><li><a href="../17239/the-halogens-1.html">The halogens</a></li><li><a href="../17162/boiling-points-of-mixtures-1.html">Boiling points of mixtures</a></li><li><a href="../17170/polarity-of-molecules-1.html">Polarity of molecules</a></li><li><a href="../18083/le-chateliers-principle--1.html">Le Chatelier's principle </a></li><li><a href="../19582/determining-kc-for-an-esterification-reaction-1.html">Determining <i>K</i><sub>c</sub> for an esterification reaction</a></li><li><a href="../18164/redox-reactions-of-vanadium--1.html">Redox reactions of vanadium </a></li><li><a href="../18351/chlorine-in-swimming-pools--1.html">Chlorine in swimming pools </a></li><li><a href="../18178/analysis-of-cuii-ions-in-solution--1.html">Analysis of Cu(II) ions in solution </a></li><li><a href="../18179/percentage-of-copper-in-brass-1.html">Percentage of copper in brass</a></li><li><a href="../18356/electrolytic-cells--1.html">Electrolytic cells </a></li><li><a href="../18598/reactions-of-organic-compounds-1.html">Reactions of organic compounds</a></li><li><a href="../18752/hydrolysis-of-halogenoalkanes-1.html">Hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes</a></li><li><a href="../18784/preparation-of-13-dinitrobenzene--1.html">Preparation of 1,3-dinitrobenzene </a></li><li><a href="../19022/determination-of-an-organic-structure-1.html">Determination of an organic structure</a></li><li><a href="../19887/preparation-of-nylon-66-1.html">Preparation of nylon 6,6</a></li><li><a href="../19343/determination-of-vitamin-c-content--1.html">Determination of vitamin C content </a></li><li><a href="../19342/hydrolysis-of-starch--1.html">Hydrolysis of starch </a></li><li><a href="../19159/preparation-purification-of-aspirin--1.html">Preparation & purification of aspirin </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../18851/ict-in-practical-work-1.html" class="father">ICT in practical work</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../18852/data-logging--1.html">Data logging </a></li><li><a href="../18853/software-for-graph-plotting--1.html">Software for graph plotting </a></li><li><a href="../18854/spreadsheets-for-data-processing--1.html">Spreadsheets for data processing </a></li><li><a href="../18855/databases-1.html">Databases</a></li><li><a href="../18856/computer-modelling-simulations--1.html">Computer modelling & simulations </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16594/group-4-project-1.html" class="father">Group 4 Project</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16595/practicalities-1.html">Practicalities</a></li><li><a href="../16596/reflective-statement--2.html">Reflective statement </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16666/a-new-laboratory-1.html">A new laboratory?</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16284/exams-1.html">Exams</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../16286/essential-facts-1.html" class="father">Essential Facts</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16287/objectives-command-terms-1.html">Objectives & command terms</a></li><li><a href="../16288/grade-descriptors-1.html">Grade descriptors</a></li><li><a href="../16289/grade-boundaries-1.html">Grade boundaries</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16302/paper-1-multiple-choice-1.html" class="father">Paper 1 (Multiple Choice)</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16303/advice-to-students-paper-1-1.html">Advice to students (Paper 1)</a></li><li><a href="../31515/practice-paper-1-exams-1.html">Practice Paper 1 exams</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16305/paper-2-1.html" class="father">Paper 2</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16306/advice-to-students-paper-2-1.html">Advice to students (Paper 2)</a></li><li><a href="../16307/areas-of-difficulty-1.html">Areas of difficulty</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16313/paper-3--1.html" class="father">Paper 3 </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a 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href="../16323/retaking-the-exam-1.html">Retaking the exam</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16325/faqs-1.html">FAQs</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../3147/ib-core-1.html">IB Core</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../3149/learner-profile-1.html">Learner Profile</a></li><li><a href="../21735/extended-essays--1.html" class="father">Extended Essays </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../21736/overview--1.html">Overview </a></li><li><a href="../21780/responsibilities-1.html">Responsibilities</a></li><li><a href="../21790/resources-1.html">Resources</a></li><li><a href="../21800/research-1.html">Research</a></li><li><a href="../21804/writing-the-essay-1.html">Writing the essay</a></li><li><a href="../21810/assessment-1.html">Assessment</a></li><li><a href="../22434/summary-of-advice--1.html">Summary of advice </a></li><li><a href="../25272/faqs--1.html">FAQs </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../307/theory-of-knowledge-tok-1.html" class="father">Theory of Knowledge (TOK)</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../41171/the-12-tok-concepts-1.html">The 12 TOK concepts</a></li><li><a href="../3507/why-tok-chemistry-1.html">Why TOK & Chemistry?</a></li><li><a href="../3505/a-modern-paradigm-1.html">A modern paradigm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="../17783/fast-track-to-tests-questions-1.html">Fast track to tests & questions</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../17784/sl-multiple-choice-tests-on-individual-topics-1.html">SL Multiple choice tests on individual topics</a></li><li><a href="../24351/sl-multiple-choice-quizzes-on-sub-topics-1.html">SL Multiple choice 'quizzes' on sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../31519/sl-practice-paper-1-exams-1.html">SL Practice Paper 1 exams</a></li><li><a href="../17786/sl-questions-on-each-sub-topic-1.html">SL Questions on each sub-topic</a></li><li><a href="../20431/sl-paper-3-section-a-questions-1.html">SL Paper 3 Section A questions</a></li><li><a href="../17792/sl-questions-on-the-options-1.html">SL Questions on the options</a></li><li><a href="../24897/sl-quizzes-on-option-sub-topics--1.html">SL Quizzes on option sub-topics </a></li><li><a href="../17785/hl-multiple-choice-tests-on-individual-topics-1.html">HL Multiple choice tests on individual topics</a></li><li><a href="../24352/hl-multiple-choice-quizzes-on-sub-topics-1.html">HL Multiple choice 'quizzes' on sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../31520/hl-practice-paper-1-exams--1.html">HL Practice Paper 1 exams </a></li><li><a href="../17787/hl-questions-on-each-sub-topic--1.html">HL Questions on each sub-topic </a></li><li><a href="../20428/hl-paper-3-section-a-questions-1.html">HL Paper 3 Section A questions</a></li><li><a href="../17793/hl-questions-on-the-options-1.html">HL Questions on the options</a></li><li><a href="../24973/hl-quizzes-on-option-sub-topics-1.html">HL Quizzes on option sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../41573/printable-versions-of-written-tasks--1.html">Printable versions of written tasks </a></li></ul></li><li><a 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biomolecules</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25034/mc-test-stereochemistry-in-biomolecules--1.html" title="MC test: Stereochemistry in biomolecules ">MC test: Stereochemistry in biomolecules </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19373/stereochemistry-in-biomolecules-questions-1.html" title="Stereochemistry in biomolecules questions">Stereochemistry in biomolecules questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24871/stereochemistry-in-biomolecules-answers--1.html" title="Stereochemistry in biomolecules answers ">Stereochemistry in biomolecules answers </a></li></ul></ul><li class="ancestor parent" style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a href="../19390/option-c--1.html" title="Option C ">Option C </a></li><ul class="level-1 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</div><section id="main-content"><div id="toc-1672969691" class="toc"><a href="#" class="toc-switcher" title="Show table of contents"><small><i class="fa fa-reorder"></i> Table of contents <span class="pull-right"><i class="fa fa-chevron-down"></i></span></small></a></div><h1><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/standard-1.png"> <img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/higher-1.png"> C.3 Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission reactions (4 hours)</h1><div class="pinkBg"><div><h2>Pause for thought</h2><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014-Options/Option-C/moon.png" style="width: 243px; height: 240px;"></p><p style="text-align: center;">The moon - a source of helium-3?</p><hr class="hidden"><p>Man first walked on the moon on 20 July 1969 and last set foot on the moon on 14 December 1972. Recently there has been increased interest in returning to the moon and one of the reasons for this is the potential to mine helium-3 as a future source of energy back on Earth.</p><p>The first hydrogen bomb tested in 1952 involved the reaction between deuterium and tritium (known as “D-T fusion”).</p><p><img alt="" class="noborder" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014-Options/Option-C/Fission-fusion-1.jpg" style="width: 260px; height: 44px;"></p><p>The syllabus states that, “Fusion reactions are a promising energy source as the fuel is inexpensive and abundant, and no radioactive waste is produced.” About one in every six thousand naturally occurring hydrogen atoms is deuterium so deuterium can be obtained from water. Tritium has to be made by reacting neutrons with lithium-6, but unlike deuterium it is radioactive.</p><p><img alt="" class="noborder" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014-Options/Option-C/Fission-fusion-2.jpg" style="width: 200px; height: 47px;"></p><p>Another reaction that has been used to produce fusion energy is the reaction between two deuterium atoms (“D-D fusion”).</p><p><img alt="" class="noborder" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014-Options/Option-C/Fission-fusion-3.jpg" style="width: 260px; height: 42px;"></p><p>This has the advantage that the fuel is not radioactive but like the D-T fusion it produces energetic neutrons. These make the components of the reactor radioactive so radioactive waste is produced.</p><p>A much more promising source of future fusion energy is the reaction of helium-3 with itself. Helium-3 is not radioactive and since no neutrons are produced there is no radioactive waste either.</p><p><img alt="" class="noborder" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014-Options/Option-C/Fission-fusion-4.jpg" style="width: 290px; height: 40px;"></p><p>This reaction has been demonstrated to be feasible and really would be a clean fuel. The problem is that there although helium-3 does occur naturally on Earth as a decay product it is only in very small quantities and it has to be mIB Docs (2) Teamfactured from neutron bombardment. However it is much more prevalent on the moon and it has been estimated that just 25 tonnes of helium-3 could provide enough energy to satisfy all the energy requirements of the US for one year. Hence the renewed interest in lunar exploration.</p><hr class="hidden"></div></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="box"><h2>Nature of Science</h2><p>If the widespread use of nuclear fission can be used for energy production in the future, it would lead to a large reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.<br><br>The process taking place in the atomic bomb is nuclear fission whereas the process taking place in the hydrogen bomb is nuclear fusion.</p><hr class="hidden"></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="box"><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="width: 50%;" valign="top"><h3><b><span style="font-weight: normal; "></span></b></h3><div class="yellowBg"><div><h2><b><span style="font-weight: normal; "><strong>Learning outcomes</strong></span></b></h2><p>After studying this topic students should be able to:</p><p><strong>Understand:</strong></p><p><em>Nuclear fusion</em></p><ul><li>When light nuclei undergo fusion reactions the binding energy per nucleon is increased.</li><li>Fusion reactions have the potential to be a promising future source of energy as the fuel is abundant, inexpensive and produces no radioactive waste.</li><li>The composition of stars can be analysed from their absorption spectra.</li></ul><p><em>Nuclear fission</em></p><ul><li>When heavy nuclei undergo fission reactions the binding energy per nucleon is increased.</li><li><sup>235</sup>U undergoes a fission chain reaction:</li></ul><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><img alt="" class="noborder" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014-Options/Option-C/U235---neutron.jpg" style="width: 292px; height: 39px;"></p><ul><li>The mass of fuel needed for a fusion reaction to be self-sustaining is known as the critical mass.</li><li><sup>239</sup>Pu, which is used as a fuel in breeder reactors, is produced from <sup>238</sup>U using neutron capture.</li><li>Radioactive waste may contain radioactive isotopes with short and long half-lives.</li><li>Half-life is the time taken for half a given number of atoms to decay.<hr class="hidden"></li></ul><p><strong>Apply their knowledge to:</strong></p><p><em>Nuclear fusion</em></p><ul><li>Construct equations for nuclear fusion reactions.</li><li>Explain nuclear fusion reactions in terms of the binding energy per nucleon.</li><li>Explain the atomic absorption spectra of hydrogen and helium, including the relationships between the absorption lines and electron transitions.</li></ul><p><em>Nuclear fission</em></p><ul><li>Deduce equations for nuclear fission reactions.</li><li>Explain nuclear fission reactions in terms of the binding energy per nucleon.</li><li>Discuss the storage and disposal of nuclear waste.</li><li>Solve problems involving radioactive decay.</li></ul></div></div></td><td style="width: 50%;" valign="top"><h4><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></b></h4><div class="yellowBg"><div><h4><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><strong>Clarification notes</strong></span></b></h4><p>Students are not expected to learn specific fission reactions or how nuclear power plants work.</p><hr class="hidden"><p>Safety and risk issues that should be covered include: health issues, problems associated with nuclear waste and core meltdown, and the possibility that nuclear fuels may be used in nuclear weapons.</p><hr class="hidden"><p>Equations for nuclear decay and for calculating the half-life are given in Section 1 of the data booklet.</p><hr class="hidden"><h4>International-mindedness</h4><p>The <a href="http://www.iaea.org/">International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)</a>. monitors the use of nuclear energy internationally</p><hr class="hidden"><p>Research into high energy particle physics involves international collaboration (there are accelerator facilities at <a href="http://home.web.cern.ch/">CERN</a>, <a href="http://www.desy.de/index_eng.html">DESY</a>, <a href="http://www6.slac.stanford.edu/">SLAC</a>, <a href="http://www.fnal.gov/">Fermi lab</a> and <a href="http://www.bnl.gov/world/">Brookhaven</a>). The results are disseminated and shared by scientists in many countries.</p><hr class="hidden"><p>The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) project is a collaboration between many countries and aims to demonstrate that fusion is an energy source of the future.</p></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="box"><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="width: 50%;" valign="top"><h2><span style=""><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><strong>Teaching tips</strong></span></b></span></h2><p>It is probably best to start this topic by looking at how the nuclear binding energy varies according to mass number. Although this is covered more fully in the AHL sub-topic C.7 students can see that the lighter elements below iron will tend to fuse to form heavier nuclei and the heavier elements above iron will tend to undergo fission to produce two or more lighter nuclei. Mass defect is also not covered until C.7 but students need some idea of the concept in order to see why nuclear fusion and fission are such powerful sources of energy.</p><p>Isotopes have been covered in <a href="../16914/the-nuclear-atom--1.html" title="New 2014 programme (First exams 2016) » Core & AHL » Teaching each topic & sub-topic » Topics 2 & 12 » The nuclear atom ">Topic 2: The nuclear atom</a> but this will be the first time that students have come across nuclear equations. Give them plenty of practice at balancing these once they know the reactants and products and also deducing and balancing the products (or reactants) if they know the type of reaction taking place.</p><p>In <a href="../16951/electron-configuration-1.html" title="New 2014 programme (First exams 2016) » Core & AHL » Teaching each topic & sub-topic » Topics 2 & 12 » Electron configuration">Topic 2: Electron configuration</a> students will also have learned that each element has a unique emission spectra. You can revise this and build upon it to explain how the lines in the absorption spectra of stars can be used to identify the presence of specific elements.</p><p>When introducing half-life I give them examples that they can solve by inspection first (i.e. using integer multiples of the half-life) so that they understand how it only takes a small number of half-lives before the percentage of the initial radioactive isotope is considerably reduced. Then introduce them to the equations. Three relevant equations are actually given in Section 1 of the data booklet but if they know t<sub>½</sub> = 0.693/ <em>λ</em> and <em>N</em> = <em>N</em><sub>o</sub>e<sup>−<em>λ</em>t</sup> and how to use them they should be able to solve any half-life problems they come across.</p><p>Discuss low-level and high-level nuclear waste with examples and how the waste can be dealt with. Safety at nuclear installations takes many forms. It may well be worth getting students to do their own research and discuss these amongst themselves. They may be surprised to find that in even some of the worst accidents, e.g. Chernobyl (1986) and Fukushima Daiichi (2011), the number of deaths reported was much lower than the number of deaths due to coal mining accidents every year.</p><hr class="hidden"></td><td style="width: 50%;" valign="top"><h4><b><span style="font-weight: normal; "><strong>Study guide</strong></span></b></h4><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"><img alt="" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014%20Basic%20information/New%20cover.jpg" style="width: 67px; height: 96px;"></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"></p><hr class="hidden"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Pages 144 & 145 </span></b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></b><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"></p><hr class="hidden"><h2>Questions</h2><p>For ten 'quiz' questions (for quick testing of knowledge and understanding with the answers explained) see <a href="../25188/mc-test-nuclear-fusion-nuclear-fission-reactions-1.html" title="Options » Option C » Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission » MC test: Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission reactions">MC test: Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission reactions</a>.</p><p>For short-answer questions see <a href="../19421/nuclear-fusion-nuclear-fission-questions-1.html" title="Options » Option C » Nuclear fusion & fission » Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission questions">Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission questions</a> together with the worked answers on a separate page <a href="../25180/nuclear-fusion-fission-answers.html" title="Options » Option C » Nuclear fusion & fission » Nuclear fusion & fission answers">Nuclear fusion & fission answers</a>.</p><hr class="hidden"><h4><span style=""><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><strong>Vocabulary list:</strong></span></b></span></h4><p><span style=""><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><strong>f</strong></span></b><span style="font-weight: normal;">usion<br>fission<br>binding energy</span></span><br>critical mass<br>half-life, t<sub>½</sub><br>low-level nuclear waste (LLW)<br>high-level nuclear waste (HLW)</p><hr class="hidden"><h4></h4></td></tr></tbody></table></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="greenBg"><h2 id="header-13">Teaching slides</h2><p>Teachers may wish to share these slides with students for learning or for reviewing key concepts.</p><div id="myCarousel-14" class="carousel slide" data-id="515"><!-- Carousel items --><div class="carousel-inner"><div class="active item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-515/nf1.png" rel="gallery-515" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-515/nf1.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Nuclear fusion & fission reactions: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-515/nf2.png" rel="gallery-515" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-515/nf2.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Nuclear fusion & fission reactions: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-515/nf3.png" rel="gallery-515" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-515/nf3.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Nuclear fusion & fission reactions: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-515/nf4.png" rel="gallery-515" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-515/nf4.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Nuclear fusion & fission reactions: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-515/nf5.png" rel="gallery-515" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-515/nf5.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Nuclear fusion & fission reactions: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-515/c36-repeat.png" rel="gallery-515" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-515/c36-repeat.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Nuclear fusion & fission reactions: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-515/nf7.png" rel="gallery-515" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-515/nf7.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Nuclear fusion & fission reactions: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-515/nf8.png" rel="gallery-515" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-515/nf8.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Nuclear fusion & fission reactions: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-515/nf9.png" rel="gallery-515" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-515/nf9.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Nuclear fusion & fission reactions: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-515/nf10.png" rel="gallery-515" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-515/nf10.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Nuclear fusion & fission reactions: </p></div></div></div><!-- Carousel nav --><a class="carousel-control left" href="#myCarousel-14" data-slide="prev">‹</a><a class="carousel-control right" href="#myCarousel-14" data-slide="next">›</a><div class="tib-indicators"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 10px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-515/nf1-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-515/nf2-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-515/nf3-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-515/nf4-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-515/nf5-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-515/c36-repeat-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-515/nf7-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-515/nf8-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-515/nf9-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-515/nf10-thumb128.jpg"></div></div><p> </p></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="blueBg"><h2><span style="font-weight: bold;">Other resources</span></h2><p><strong>1. </strong>A simple but useful description of nuclear fission and how it can be controlled in a nuclear power plant by Fuse School- Global Education.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="280" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/D91T-B-PVE0?rel=0" width="360"></iframe></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://youtu.be/D91T-B-PVE0" target="_blank" title="Videos"><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/video-1.png"><span class="anchor" id="video-1" name="video-1"> </span> Nuclear fission</a></p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>2.</strong> A more detailed account of nuclear energy which includes the importance of binding energy from The Science Channel (although you may need to explain about electron volts as Mev is used as the unit for energy).</p><p style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="280" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/yTkojROg-t8?rel=0" width="360"></iframe></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://youtu.be/yTkojROg-t8" target="_blank" title="Videos"><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/video-1.png"><span class="anchor" id="video-2" name="video-2"> </span> Fission & fusion</a></p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>3.</strong> A quick rundown on how to deal with nuclear waste by D News.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="280" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/Nkt95IhNqjU?rel=0" width="360"></iframe></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://youtu.be/Nkt95IhNqjU" target="_blank" title="Videos"><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/video-1.png"><span class="anchor" id="video-3" name="video-3"> </span> Storing nuclear waste</a></p><hr class="hidden"></div></section></article><section id="media-extras"><div class="page-actions no-print navbar inline hidden-desktop"><div class="navbar-inner"><ul class="nav"><li><a class="presentation" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-desktop"></i></a></li><li><a class="print-section-blog" href="#" onclick="return 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