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href="../19290/introduction-to-biochemistry--1.html">Introduction to biochemistry </a></li><li><a href="../19287/proteins-enzymes--1.html">Proteins & enzymes </a></li><li><a href="../19291/lipids-1.html">Lipids</a></li><li><a href="../19299/carbohydrates--1.html">Carbohydrates </a></li><li><a href="../19305/vitamins--1.html">Vitamins </a></li><li><a href="../19313/biochemistry-the-environment--1.html">Biochemistry & the environment </a></li><li><a href="../19336/proteins-enzymes-ahl--1.html">Proteins & enzymes (AHL) </a></li><li><a href="../19347/nucleic-acids--1.html">Nucleic acids </a></li><li><a href="../19361/biological-pigments--1.html">Biological pigments </a></li><li><a href="../19366/stereochemistry-in-biomolecules-1.html">Stereochemistry in biomolecules</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../19390/option-c--1.html" class="father">Option C </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../19391/energy-sources-1.html">Energy sources</a></li><li><a href="../19407/fossil-fuels-1.html">Fossil fuels</a></li><li><a href="../19411/nuclear-fusion-nuclear-fission-reactions-1.html">Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission reactions</a></li><li><a href="../19429/solar-energy-1.html">Solar energy</a></li><li><a href="../19437/environmental-impact-global-warming-1.html">Environmental impact - global warming</a></li><li><a href="../19453/electrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells-1.html">Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells</a></li><li><a href="../19458/nuclear-fusion-fission-hl--1.html">Nuclear fusion & fission (HL) </a></li><li><a href="../19470/photovoltaic-cells-and-dsscs-1.html">Photovoltaic cells and DSSCs</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../19078/option-d-1.html" class="father">Option D</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../19079/pharmaceutical-products-drug-action--1.html">Pharmaceutical products & drug action </a></li><li><a href="../19158/aspirin-penicillin--1.html">Aspirin & penicillin </a></li><li><a href="../19174/opiates-1.html">Opiates</a></li><li><a href="../19184/ph-regulation-of-the-stomach-1.html">pH regulation of the stomach</a></li><li><a href="../19194/antiviral-medications--1.html">Antiviral medications </a></li><li><a href="../19211/environmental-impact-of-some-medications-1.html">Environmental impact of some medications</a></li><li><a href="../19254/taxol-a-chiral-auxiliary-case-study-1.html">Taxol - a chiral auxiliary case study</a></li><li><a href="../19258/nuclear-medicine--1.html">Nuclear medicine </a></li><li><a href="../19273/drug-detection-analysis--1.html">Drug detection & analysis </a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16592/practical-scheme-of-work-ia--1.html">Practical scheme of work & IA </a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../16682/internal-assessment-1.html" class="father">Internal Assessment</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../18892/scaffolding-the-investigation-1.html">'Scaffolding' the investigation</a></li><li><a href="../18896/timing-organisation--1.html">Timing & organisation </a></li><li><a href="../18905/choosing-the-research-question-1.html">Choosing the research question</a></li><li><a href="../18946/personal-engagement-1.html">Personal engagement</a></li><li><a href="../18950/exploration-1.html">Exploration</a></li><li><a href="../18957/analysis-1.html">Analysis</a></li><li><a href="../18965/evaluation-1.html">Evaluation</a></li><li><a href="../18966/communication-1.html">Communication</a></li><li><a href="../19882/internal-standardization-of-the-ia-1.html">Internal standardization of the IA</a></li><li><a href="../19901/submitting-the-samples-for-moderation-2.html">Submitting the samples for moderation</a></li><li><a href="../33754/ten-suggestions-for-ias-using-secondary-data-1.html">Ten suggestions for IAs using secondary data</a></li><li><a href="../37544/gaining-full-marks-for-a-databased-ia--1.html">Gaining full marks for a databased IA </a></li><li><a href="../19506/ia-example-marking-exercise--1.html">IA example & marking exercise </a></li><li><a href="../23929/genuine-examples-of-moderated-ia-reports-1.html">Genuine examples of moderated IA reports</a></li><li><a href="../25234/examples-of-teacher-marked-ia-reports--1.html">Examples of teacher-marked IA reports </a></li><li><a href="../37542/history-of-internal-assessment-1.html">History of Internal Assessment</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16598/mandatory-laboratory-components-1.html" class="father">Mandatory laboratory components</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16613/formula-of-magnesium-oxide--1.html">Formula of magnesium oxide </a></li><li><a href="../16612/determining-the-mr-of-an-unknown-gas-1.html">Determining the <i>M</i><sub>r</sub> of an unknown gas</a></li><li><a href="../16615/acid-base-titrations--1.html">Acid-base titrations </a></li><li><a href="../16616/a-green-acid-base-practical-1.html">A green acid-base practical</a></li><li><a href="../16617/analysis-of-aspirin-tablets-1.html">Analysis of aspirin tablets</a></li><li><a href="../16618/caco3-in-egg-shells-1.html">CaCO<sub>3</sub> in egg shells</a></li><li><a href="../16644/enthalpy-changes-1.html">Enthalpy changes</a></li><li><a href="../16631/reaction-rates-1.html">Reaction rates</a></li><li><a href="../16635/rate-dependent-factors-1.html">Rate-dependent factors</a></li><li><a href="../16636/determining-ea-for-a-reaction-1.html">Determining <i>E</i><sub>a</sub> for a reaction</a></li><li><a href="../16637/iodination-of-propanone-1.html">Iodination of propanone</a></li><li><a href="../18144/titrations-with-a-ph-meter-1.html">Titrations with a pH meter</a></li><li><a href="../18355/redox-titration-with-kmno4--1.html">Redox titration with KMnO<sub>4</sub> </a></li><li><a href="../16640/voltaic-cells-1.html">Voltaic cells</a></li><li><a href="../16659/3-d-molecular-modelling--1.html">3-D molecular modelling </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../17168/other-good-practicals-1.html" class="father">Other good practicals</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../17196/common-chemical-reactions-1.html">Common chemical reactions</a></li><li><a href="../227/elements-oxides-of-the-third-period--1.html">Elements & oxides of the third period </a></li><li><a href="../17239/the-halogens-1.html">The halogens</a></li><li><a href="../17162/boiling-points-of-mixtures-1.html">Boiling points of mixtures</a></li><li><a href="../17170/polarity-of-molecules-1.html">Polarity of molecules</a></li><li><a href="../18083/le-chateliers-principle--1.html">Le Chatelier's principle </a></li><li><a href="../19582/determining-kc-for-an-esterification-reaction-1.html">Determining <i>K</i><sub>c</sub> for an esterification reaction</a></li><li><a href="../18164/redox-reactions-of-vanadium--1.html">Redox reactions of vanadium </a></li><li><a href="../18351/chlorine-in-swimming-pools--1.html">Chlorine in swimming pools </a></li><li><a href="../18178/analysis-of-cuii-ions-in-solution--1.html">Analysis of Cu(II) ions in solution </a></li><li><a href="../18179/percentage-of-copper-in-brass-1.html">Percentage of copper in brass</a></li><li><a href="../18356/electrolytic-cells--1.html">Electrolytic cells </a></li><li><a href="../18598/reactions-of-organic-compounds-1.html">Reactions of organic compounds</a></li><li><a href="../18752/hydrolysis-of-halogenoalkanes-1.html">Hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes</a></li><li><a href="../18784/preparation-of-13-dinitrobenzene--1.html">Preparation of 1,3-dinitrobenzene </a></li><li><a href="../19022/determination-of-an-organic-structure-1.html">Determination of an organic structure</a></li><li><a href="../19887/preparation-of-nylon-66-1.html">Preparation of nylon 6,6</a></li><li><a href="../19343/determination-of-vitamin-c-content--1.html">Determination of vitamin C content </a></li><li><a href="../19342/hydrolysis-of-starch--1.html">Hydrolysis of starch </a></li><li><a href="../19159/preparation-purification-of-aspirin--1.html">Preparation & purification of aspirin </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../18851/ict-in-practical-work-1.html" class="father">ICT in practical work</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../18852/data-logging--1.html">Data logging </a></li><li><a href="../18853/software-for-graph-plotting--1.html">Software for graph plotting </a></li><li><a href="../18854/spreadsheets-for-data-processing--1.html">Spreadsheets for data processing </a></li><li><a href="../18855/databases-1.html">Databases</a></li><li><a href="../18856/computer-modelling-simulations--1.html">Computer modelling & simulations </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16594/group-4-project-1.html" class="father">Group 4 Project</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16595/practicalities-1.html">Practicalities</a></li><li><a href="../16596/reflective-statement--2.html">Reflective statement </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16666/a-new-laboratory-1.html">A new laboratory?</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16284/exams-1.html">Exams</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../16286/essential-facts-1.html" class="father">Essential Facts</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16287/objectives-command-terms-1.html">Objectives & command terms</a></li><li><a href="../16288/grade-descriptors-1.html">Grade descriptors</a></li><li><a href="../16289/grade-boundaries-1.html">Grade boundaries</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16302/paper-1-multiple-choice-1.html" class="father">Paper 1 (Multiple Choice)</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16303/advice-to-students-paper-1-1.html">Advice to students (Paper 1)</a></li><li><a href="../31515/practice-paper-1-exams-1.html">Practice Paper 1 exams</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16305/paper-2-1.html" class="father">Paper 2</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16306/advice-to-students-paper-2-1.html">Advice to students (Paper 2)</a></li><li><a href="../16307/areas-of-difficulty-1.html">Areas of difficulty</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16313/paper-3--1.html" class="father">Paper 3 </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a 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href="../16323/retaking-the-exam-1.html">Retaking the exam</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16325/faqs-1.html">FAQs</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../3147/ib-core-1.html">IB Core</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../3149/learner-profile-1.html">Learner Profile</a></li><li><a href="../21735/extended-essays--1.html" class="father">Extended Essays </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../21736/overview--1.html">Overview </a></li><li><a href="../21780/responsibilities-1.html">Responsibilities</a></li><li><a href="../21790/resources-1.html">Resources</a></li><li><a href="../21800/research-1.html">Research</a></li><li><a href="../21804/writing-the-essay-1.html">Writing the essay</a></li><li><a href="../21810/assessment-1.html">Assessment</a></li><li><a href="../22434/summary-of-advice--1.html">Summary of advice </a></li><li><a href="../25272/faqs--1.html">FAQs </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../307/theory-of-knowledge-tok-1.html" class="father">Theory of Knowledge (TOK)</a><ul 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options</a></li><li><a href="../24897/sl-quizzes-on-option-sub-topics--1.html">SL Quizzes on option sub-topics </a></li><li><a href="../17785/hl-multiple-choice-tests-on-individual-topics-1.html">HL Multiple choice tests on individual topics</a></li><li><a href="../24352/hl-multiple-choice-quizzes-on-sub-topics-1.html">HL Multiple choice 'quizzes' on sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../31520/hl-practice-paper-1-exams--1.html">HL Practice Paper 1 exams </a></li><li><a href="../17787/hl-questions-on-each-sub-topic--1.html">HL Questions on each sub-topic </a></li><li><a href="../20428/hl-paper-3-section-a-questions-1.html">HL Paper 3 Section A questions</a></li><li><a href="../17793/hl-questions-on-the-options-1.html">HL Questions on the options</a></li><li><a href="../24973/hl-quizzes-on-option-sub-topics-1.html">HL Quizzes on option sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../41573/printable-versions-of-written-tasks--1.html">Printable versions of written tasks </a></li></ul></li><li><a 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biomolecules</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25034/mc-test-stereochemistry-in-biomolecules--1.html" title="MC test: Stereochemistry in biomolecules ">MC test: Stereochemistry in biomolecules </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19373/stereochemistry-in-biomolecules-questions-1.html" title="Stereochemistry in biomolecules questions">Stereochemistry in biomolecules questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24871/stereochemistry-in-biomolecules-answers--1.html" title="Stereochemistry in biomolecules answers ">Stereochemistry in biomolecules answers </a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19390/option-c--1.html" title="Option C ">Option C </a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" 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global warming</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19450/environmental-impact-global-warming-questions--1.html" title="Environmental impact - global warming questions ">Environmental impact - global warming questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25190/environmental-impact-global-warming-answers-1.html" title="Environmental impact - global warming answers">Environmental impact - global warming answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19453/electrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells-1.html" title="Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells">Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a 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title="Nuclear fusion & fission (HL) ">Nuclear fusion & fission (HL) </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25269/mc-test-nuclear-fusion-nuclear-fission-hl-1.html" title="MC test: Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission (HL)">MC test: Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission (HL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19468/nuclear-fusion-fission-reactions-hl-questions--1.html" title="Nuclear fusion & fission reactions (HL) questions ">Nuclear fusion & fission reactions (HL) questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25205/nuclear-fusion-fission-reactions-hl-answers-1.html" title="Nuclear fusion & fission reactions (HL) answers">Nuclear fusion & fission reactions (HL) answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19470/photovoltaic-cells-and-dsscs-1.html" title="Photovoltaic cells and DSSCs">Photovoltaic cells and DSSCs</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25302/mc-test-photovoltaic-cells-dsscs-1.html" title="MC test: Photovoltaic cells & DSSCs">MC test: Photovoltaic cells & DSSCs</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19471/photovoltaic-cells-and-dsscs-questions--1.html" title="Photovoltaic cells and DSSCs questions ">Photovoltaic cells and DSSCs questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25206/photovoltaic-cells-and-dsscs-answers-1.html" title="Photovoltaic cells and DSSCs answers">Photovoltaic cells and DSSCs answers</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19078/option-d-1.html" title="Option D">Option D</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19079/pharmaceutical-products-drug-action--1.html" title="Pharmaceutical products & drug action ">Pharmaceutical products & drug action </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25440/mc-test-pharmaceutical-products-drug-action-1.html" title="MC test: Pharmaceutical products & drug action">MC test: Pharmaceutical products & drug action</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19154/pharmaceutical-products-drug-action-questions--1.html" title="Pharmaceutical products & drug action questions ">Pharmaceutical products & drug action questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25270/pharmaceutical-products-drug-action-answers--1.html" title="Pharmaceutical products & drug action answers ">Pharmaceutical products & drug action answers </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19158/aspirin-penicillin--1.html" title="Aspirin & penicillin ">Aspirin & penicillin </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25684/mc-test-aspirin-penicillin-1.html" title="MC test: Aspirin & penicillin">MC test: Aspirin & penicillin</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19171/aspirin-penicillin-questions-1.html" title="Aspirin & penicillin questions">Aspirin & penicillin questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25313/aspirin-penicillin-answers--1.html" title="Aspirin & penicillin answers ">Aspirin & penicillin answers </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19174/opiates-1.html" title="Opiates">Opiates</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25494/mc-test-opiates-1.html" title="MC test: Opiates">MC test: Opiates</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19176/opiates-questions-1.html" title="Opiates questions">Opiates questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25356/opiates-answers--1.html" title="Opiates answers ">Opiates answers </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19184/ph-regulation-of-the-stomach-1.html" title="pH regulation of the stomach">pH regulation of the stomach</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li 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</div><section id="main-content"><div id="toc-1672969651" class="toc"><a href="#" class="toc-switcher" title="Show table of contents"><small><i class="fa fa-reorder"></i> Table of contents <span class="pull-right"><i class="fa fa-chevron-down"></i></span></small></a></div><h1><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/standard-1.png"> <img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/higher-1.png"><strong> A.1 Introduction to materials science (1.5 hours)</strong></h1><hr class="hidden"><div class="pinkBg"><div><h2><strong>Pause for thought</strong></h2><p style="text-align: center;"><strong><img alt="" class="noborder" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014-Options/Option-A/van-Arkal-diagram.jpg" style="width: 635px; height: 299px;"></strong></p><p>It is the first time that triangular bonding diagrams have appeared on the IB syllabus, although they have been on the Cambridge pre-U syllabus (another international examination for 16-19 year olds) for several years. I’m not convinced as to how useful they are. To me they do not really go much further than the old rule of thumb that if the electronegativity difference is greater than about 1.8 the compound is likely to be ionic. They remind me a bit of the octet rule. Both work for simple compounds but both are based on dubious assumptions and fail for more complex examples. Even if we can deduce the percentage of covalent to ionic bonding in a compound, does that really help to understand the properties? Metallic, covalent and ionic are nice labels and ways of classifying materials but their properties can only be generalised. For example metals “have high boiling points” but not all metals do – mercury is a liquid with an appreciable vapour pressure at room temperature. ‘‘Covalent substances have lower boiling points than ionic substances”– try telling that to diamond and sodium chloride!</p><p>One of the problems is electronegativity itself. It is not an absolute value and indeed there are different scales of electronegativity. The values are arrived at by considering how a bonding pair of electrons is shared between the two bonding atoms so in a sense the percentage of covalent and ionic bonding has already been taken into account. My two biggest criticisms though are:</p><p>1. In the triangular diagram given in Section 29, ‘covalent’ only applies to simple covalent molecules and does not consider macromolecules like diamond, silica or graphite. Diamond and graphite both appear in the covalent section but what new knowledge is gained from that information? It does not enable us to deduce that one conducts electricity and one does not. The tetrahedral diagram (above right), which is not on the syllabus, does attempt to address this.</p><p>2. It does not distinguish between different oxidation states. Consider the chloride of a metal M, where M has an electronegativity value of 1.8. Chlorine’s value is 3.2 so the difference is 1.4 and the average is 2.5. This puts the chloride of M in the polar covalent region so we might conclude that it will not conduct electricity when molten and will have a reasonably high boiling point although lower than that of an ionic compound. The problem is that M is lead and lead forms two chlorides, lead(II) chloride, PbCl<sub>2</sub>, and lead(IV) chloride, PbCl<sub>4</sub>. Lead(II) chloride is ionic, conducts electricity when molten and boils at 950 <sup>o</sup>C, Lead(IV) chloride is a yellow non-conducting covalent oily liquid at room temperature and boils at 50 <sup>o</sup>C. The van Arkel – Ketelaar diagram is of absolutely no use whatsoever in deducing this information.</p><hr class="hidden"></div></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="box"><div><h2><strong>Nature of Science</strong></h2><p>In the past some materials were used for different purposes than they are today. This is due to improvements in technology and the increasing scientific understanding of their properties.</p><hr class="hidden"><p>History has been characterized by the materials civilisations have developed and used, e.g. Stone Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age. There are different ways of classifying materials according to desired patterns.</p><hr class="hidden"></div></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="box"><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="width: 50%;" valign="top"><div class="yellowBg"><div><h2 id="anchor-3"><strong><strong>Learning outcomes</strong></strong></h2><p>After studying this topic students should be able to:</p><p><strong><strong>Understand:</strong></strong></p><ul><li>The classification of materials can be based on their uses, properties, or on their bonding and structure.</li><li>The properties of a particular material can be deduced from its position on a bonding triangle which is based on the degree of covalent, ionic or metallic character in a compound</li><li>Mixtures in which materials are composed of two distinct phases, a reinforcing phase that is embedded in a matrix phase, are known as composites.</li></ul><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>Apply their knowledge to:</strong></p><ul><li>Use bond triangle diagrams for binary compounds from electronegativity data.</li><li>Evaluate various ways of classifying materials.</li><li>Relate physical characteristics of a material (e.g. melting point, permeability, conductivity, elasticity and brittleness) to its bonding and structures (packing arrangements, electron mobility and ability of atoms to slide relative to one another).</li></ul></div></div></td><td style="width: 50%;" valign="top"><h4><b><span style="font-weight: normal; "></span></b></h4><div class="yellowBg"><div><h4><b><span style="font-weight: normal; "><strong>Clarification notes</strong></span></b></h4><p>Permeability to moisture should be considered with respect to bonding and simple packing arrangements.</p><hr class="hidden"><p>The properties of metals, polymers and ceramics should be considered in terms of metallic, covalent, and ionic bonding.</p><hr class="hidden"><p>A triangular bonding diagram (van Arkel-Ketelaar diagram) can be found in Section 29 of the data booklet.</p><hr class="hidden"><h4 id="anchor-5">International-mindedness</h4><p>Consider the materials used by ancient civilizations, e.g. the Aztecs, Romans, and Chinese. The materials they used were similar, even though these ancient civilizations were located in very different parts of the world.</p></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="box"><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="width: 50%;" valign="top"><h2><b><span style="font-weight: normal; "><strong>Teaching tips</strong></span></b></h2><p>This first introductory topic really builds upon the core topic on bonding, particularly <a href="../17160/intermolecular-forces-1.html" title="New 2014 programme (First exams 2016) » Core & AHL » Teaching each topic & sub-topic » Topics 4 & 14 » Intermolecular forces">4.4 Intermolecular forces</a> and <a href="../17237/metallic-bonding-1.html" title="New 2014 programme (First exams 2016) » Core & AHL » Teaching each topic & sub-topic » Topics 4 & 14 » Metallic bonding">4.5 Metallic bonding</a> . Essentially what you will need to ensure is that students understand how to use the triangular bonding diagram in Section 29 of the data booklet in order to deduce the properties of a material (in as much as it works – see Pause for thought above!) and then be able to relate the different properties of materials to the type of bonding. By necessity, many of these can only be generalisations, but include those listed (melting point, permeability, conductivity, elasticity, brittleness) and also boiling point and malleability. Note that there are no chemical properties listed even though metals tend to form basic or amphoteric oxides and non-metal oxides tend to be acidic or neutral.</p><p>When looking at the different names given to ancient civilisations stress that they were mainly based on the type of materials used to make tools and that the discovery of the metals (or alloys) used tends to follow their position in the reactivity series, as that is related to the ease with which they can be obtained from their ores.</p><p>Composites are important. The first to be used was probably mud and straw to make bricks. Reinforced concrete is a good example and modern composites, including glass and carbon fibres and epoxy resins, have a multitude of uses (even military - the Humvee was the first all-composite military vehicle). However there is not really much detail that can be given except the syllabus statement that they are ‘composed of two distinct phases, a reinforcing phase that is embedded in a matrix phase’ which makes them stronger than either of their components.</p><hr class="hidden"></td><td style="width: 50%;" valign="top"><h4><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><strong>Study guide</strong></span></b></h4><p><img alt="" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014%20Basic%20information/New%20cover.jpg" style="width: 67px; height: 96px;"></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"></p><hr class="hidden"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Page 1</span></b><span style="font-weight: normal;">10</span></p><hr class="hidden"><h2>Questions</h2><p>For ten 'quiz' questions (for quick testing of knowledge and understanding with the answers explained) see <a href="../26082/mc-test-introduction-to-materials-science-1.html" title="Options » Option A » Introduction to materials science » MC test: Introduction to materials science">MC test: Introduction to materials science</a>.</p><p>For short-answer questions see <a href="../19512/materials-science-introduction-questions--1.html" title="Options » Option A » Introduction to materials science » Materials science introduction questions ">Materials science introduction questions </a>together with the worked answers on a separate page <a href="../26051/materials-science-introduction-answers--1.html" title="Options » Option A » Introduction to materials science » Materials science introduction answers ">Materials science introduction answers</a>.</p><hr class="hidden"><h4><span style=""><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><strong>Vocabulary list</strong></span></b></span></h4><p>triangular bonding diagram<br>van Arkel-Ketelaar diagram<br>composite<br>phase<br>permeability<br>elasticity<br>brittleness</p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="greenBg"><div><h2 id="header-12">Teaching slides</h2><p>Teachers may wish to share these slides with students for learning or for reviewing key concepts.</p><div id="myCarousel-13" class="carousel slide" data-id="628"><!-- Carousel items --><div class="carousel-inner"><div class="active item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-628/a11.png" rel="gallery-628" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-628/a11.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Introduction to materials science: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-628/a12.png" rel="gallery-628" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-628/a12.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Introduction to materials science: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-628/a13.png" rel="gallery-628" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-628/a13.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Introduction to materials science: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-628/a14.png" rel="gallery-628" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-628/a14.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Introduction to materials science: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-628/a15.png" rel="gallery-628" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-628/a15.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Introduction to materials science: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-628/a16.png" rel="gallery-628" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-628/a16.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Introduction to materials science: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-628/a17.png" rel="gallery-628" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-628/a17.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Introduction to materials science: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-628/a18.png" rel="gallery-628" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-628/a18.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Introduction to materials science: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-628/a19.png" rel="gallery-628" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-628/a19.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Introduction to materials science: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-628/a110.png" rel="gallery-628" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-628/a110.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Introduction to materials science: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-628/a111.png" rel="gallery-628" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-628/a111.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Introduction to materials science: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-628/a112.png" rel="gallery-628" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-628/a112.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Introduction to materials science: </p></div></div></div><!-- Carousel nav --><a class="carousel-control left" href="#myCarousel-13" data-slide="prev">‹</a><a class="carousel-control right" href="#myCarousel-13" data-slide="next">›</a><div class="tib-indicators"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 10px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-628/a11-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-628/a12-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-628/a13-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-628/a14-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-628/a15-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-628/a16-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-628/a17-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-628/a18-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-628/a19-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-628/a110-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-628/a111-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-628/a112-thumb128.jpg"></div></div><p> </p></div></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="pinkBg"><h2>Other resources</h2><p><strong>1.</strong> A demonstration of some of the physical properties of metals, such as tensile strength, elasticity, malleability and melting point.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="280" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/NHWcwAijMvk?rel=0" width="360"></iframe></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://youtu.be/NHWcwAijMvk" target="_blank" title="Videos"><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/video-1.png"><span class="anchor" id="video-1" name="video-1"> </span> Physical properties of metals</a></p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>2. </strong>A good introduction to composites and their properties by BioNetwork.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="280" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/WYqCnEvTRUQ?rel=0" width="360"></iframe></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://youtu.be/WYqCnEvTRUQ" target="_blank" title="Videos"><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/video-1.png"><span class="anchor" id="video-2" name="video-2"> </span> Composites</a></p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>3.</strong> An excellent video describing and explaining how van Arkel- Ketelaar triangular bonding diagrams work. The discussion then goes further to look at tetrahedral bonding diagrams. It will give your students a really good understanding of how it all works.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="280" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/-qDykfU9JYU?rel=0" width="360"></iframe></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://youtu.be/-qDykfU9JYU" target="_blank" title="Videos"><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/video-1.png"><span class="anchor" id="video-3" name="video-3"> </span> Triangular bonding diagrams</a></p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>4.</strong> Richard Thornley gives a simple animated video of van Arkel-Ketelaar diagrams specifically for the IB.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="280" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/ZNGThjz82Xo?rel=0" width="360"></iframe></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://youtu.be/ZNGThjz82Xo" target="_blank" title="Videos"><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/video-1.png"><span class="anchor" id="video-4" name="video-4"> </span> van Arkel-Ketelaar diagrams</a></p><hr class="hidden"></div></section></article><section id="media-extras"><div class="page-actions no-print navbar inline hidden-desktop"><div class="navbar-inner"><ul class="nav"><li><a class="presentation" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-desktop"></i></a></li><li><a class="print-section-blog" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-print"></i></a></li><li><a class="page-bookmarker" data-ticket="IB Docs (2) Team" data-pid="19504" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star"></i></a></li><li><a class="personal-notes" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-file-text"></i></a></li><li><a class="" data-toggle="modal" href="#modal-feedback" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></a></li><li class="dropdown"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-target="#" href="#"><i class="fa fa-share-alt"></i></a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Twitter" href="https://twitter.com/share?text=%22Introduction+to+materials+science+%22+-+via+%40InThinker+%23chemistry%0A&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F19504%2Fintroduction-to-materials-science-"><i class="fa fa-twitter-square"></i><span>Twitter</span></a></li><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F19504%2Fintroduction-to-materials-science-&t=Introduction+to+materials+science+"><i class="fa fa-facebook-square"></i><span>Facebook</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F19504%2Fintroduction-to-materials-science-"><i class="fa fa-linkedin-square"></i><span>LinkedIn</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="https://plus.google.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F19504%2Fintroduction-to-materials-science-"><i class="fa fa-google-plus-square"></i><span>Google +</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="mailto:?subject=Introduction to materials science &body=It is the first time that triangular bonding diagrams have appeared on the IB syllabus, although they have been on the Cambridge pre-U syllabus (another international examination for 16-19 year olds) for several years. 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