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0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1346/kidney-and-osmoregulation-113-hl.html">Kidney and osmoregulation 11.3 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1347/sexual-reproduction-114-hl.html">Sexual reproduction 11.4 HL</a></label></li></ul></div> <div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <button class="btn btn-default btn-block text-xs-center" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-feedback" style="margin-bottom: 10px"><i class="fa fa-send"></i> Feedback</button> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-9" id="main-column"> <h1 class="page_title"> Antibody production & vaccination 11.1 HL <a href="#" class="mark-page-favorite pull-right" data-pid="2063" title="Mark as favorite" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star-o"></i></a> </h1> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="../../../biology.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><a href="../473/11-animal-physiology-ahl.html">11 Animal physiology AHL</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><span class="gray">Antibody production & vaccination 11.1 HL</span></li> <span class="pull-right" style="color: #555" title="Suggested study time: 30 minutes"><i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i> 30'</span> </ol> <article id="main-article"> <style type="text/css">ol.breadcrumb { margin-bottom: 0 }</style><div id="toc-1675505975" class="toc"><a href="#" class="toc-switcher" title="Show table of contents"><small><i class="fa fa-reorder"></i> Table of contents <span class="pull-right"><i class="fa fa-chevron-down"></i></span></small></a><ol><li><a href="#header-1" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-1">Summary list for 11.1 Antibody production & vaccination</a></li><li><a href="#header-2" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-2">Mindmaps</a></li><li><a href="#header-3" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-3">Model answer </a></li><li><a href="#header-4" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-4">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-5" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-5">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-6" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-6">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-7" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-7">Multiple choice questions</a><ol></ol></li><li><a href="#header-8" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-8"> 11.1 Antibodies quiz 1/1 </a></li></ol><li><a href="#header-9" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-9">Drag and drop activities</a></li></div><div class="intro-card" readonly="false"><img class="intro-image" readonly="true" src="../../images/06_humans/lymphocytes_memorycells.png" style="width: 150px; height: 100px;"> <div class="content" readonly="true"> <p class="text">This topic covers the role of antigens in challenging the immune system leading to antibody production. There are many details required including knowledge of B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, memory cells and plasma cells. Vaccination as a method of promoting antibody production leading to immunity is an important concept in this topic as is the production of mono-clonal antibodies.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-turquoise"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Key concepts</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Learn and test your biological vocabulary using these <a href="http://quizlet.com/_85jbxm?x=1jqt&i=xxmo" target="_blank"><strong>11.1 Antibodies and vaccination</strong> flashcards.</a></p> <p><iframe height="500" src="https://quizlet.com/493029418/flashcards/embed?i=xxmo&x=1jj1" style="border:0" width="100%"></iframe></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-yellow"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Essentials</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - great revision.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-174" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="174"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-174/img0.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-174" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-174/img0.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-174/img1.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-174" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-174/img1.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-174/img2.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-174" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-174/img2.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-174/img3.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-174" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-174/img3.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-174" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-174" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-174/img0-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-174/img1-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-174/img2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-174/img3-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-purple"> <div class="panel-heading"> <div> <p>Summary</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-1">Summary list for 11.1 Antibody production & vaccination<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505975" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p class="liWithoutP"><strong>Cells & pathogens</strong></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">The surface of cells of an organism has unique molecules.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Pathogens can be species-specific or can cross species barriers.</li> </ul> <p class="liWithoutP"><strong>Antibody production involves the following:</strong></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">B lymphocytes are activated by T lymphocytes in mammals.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Activated B lymphocytes multiply to form clones of plasma cells and memory cells (giving immunity).</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Plasma cells secrete antibodies which aid the destruction of pathogens.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Other white blood cells release histamine in response to allergens which causes allergic symptoms.</li> </ul> <p><strong>Vaccination and monoclonal antibodies</strong></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Vaccines contain antigens that trigger an immune response without causing the disease.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Fusion of a tumour cell with an antibody-producing plasma cell creates a hybridoma cell.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Monoclonal antibodies are produced by hybridoma cells.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Monoclonal antibodies to HCG are used in pregnancy test kits.</li> </ul> <p><strong>Skills & applications</strong></p> <ul> <li>Smallpox was the first infectious disease of humans to have been eradicated by vaccination.</li> <li>Human vaccines are often produced using the immune responses of other animals</li> <li>Blood group antigens on the surface of red blood cells stimulate antibody production in a different blood group.</li> <li>Skills to analyse epidemiological data related to vaccination programmes.</li> </ul> <h3 id="header-2">Mindmaps<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505975" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>This diagram summaries the main sections of topic 11.1 about antibodies and vaccination.<br> Test if you can draw something like these concept maps from memory.</p> <div id="carousel-173" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="173"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-173/111spiderlist.jpeg" data-fancybox="gallery-173" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-173/111spiderlist.jpeg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-173/111spidersimple.jpeg" data-fancybox="gallery-173" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-173/111spidersimple.jpeg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-173/111spiderfull.jpeg" data-fancybox="gallery-173" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-173/111spiderfull.jpeg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-173" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-173" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-173/111spiderlist-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-173/111spidersimple-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-173/111spiderfull-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Exam style questions</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Antibodies: Explaining the processes which lead to immunity following a vaccination is an important skill from this topic.</p> <p>Answer the question below on a piece of paper, then check your answer against the model answer below.</p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Explain how exposure to antigens leads to the production of antibodies by the immune system. [4]</strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>.</strong></p> </div> <p>Click the + icon to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-3">Model answer <small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505975" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Explain how exposure to antigens leads to the production of antibodies by the immune system. [4]</strong></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">A vaccine contains antigens in the form of a weakened pathogen.<br> A vaccine is often injected into patient. (some are taken orally).<br> The antigens it contains stimulate a specific immune response from macrophages.<br> Macrophages activate T-lymphocytes which activate B-lymphocytes.<br> B-lymphocytes begin dividing forming clones of plasma cells.<br> Plasma cells produce<span style="text-decoration: underline;"></span> antibodies which are specific to the antigen.</span></p> </div> </section> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-expandable panel-has-border panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"> <div> <p>Extra exam question on clonal selection. Click to open.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>The role of clonal selection in the process of antibody production is an important concept.</p> <p>Answer the question below on a piece of paper, then check your answer against the model answer below.</p> <div class="yellowBg">Clonal selection of a B cell happens when an antigen binds to a specific matching receptor on the B cell.<br> <strong>Explain the importance of clonal selection in the production of antibodies. (4 marks)</strong> <hr> <hr> <hr> <p><em>Hint: </em> <i><span calibri="" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:106%; font-family:">do not confuse antigen, pathogen, and antibody. Antigens are substances on a pathogen that<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>cause an immune response. Pathogens are disease causing organisms and antibodies aid in their destruction.</span></i></p> </div> Click on the "+" icon to see a model answer. <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-4">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505975" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p>Clonal selection of a B cell happens when an antigen binds to a specific matching receptor on the B cell.<br> <strong>Explain the importance of clonal selection in the production of antibodies. (4 marks)</strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Cloning is the rapid mitotic division of (activated) B cells.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The B cells that have been activated by the antigen binding produce plasma cells</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The plasma cells produce large quantities of <span style="color:#FF0000;">a specific antibody type (against a specific antigen).</span></span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Antibodies damage or destroy the pathogen.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Some of the plasma cells become memory cells.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Memory cells can react quickly to reinfection by the same pathogen, producing antibodies (without the need for macrophages, T cells).</span></li> </ul> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-expandable panel-has-border panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"> <div> <p>Extra exam question on monoclonal antibodies. Click to open.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Monoclonal antibodies are a valuable diagnostic and treatment option in medicine due to their specificity.</p> <p>Answer the question below on a piece of paper, then check your answer against the model answer below.</p> <div class="yellowBg"> <ul> <li><strong>Explain why tumour cells are fused to plasma cells to produce monoclonal antibodies. (3 marks</strong>) <hr> <hr> <hr></li> <li><strong>Outline how monoclonal antibodies are used in testing for a pathogen. (3 marks).</strong></li> </ul> <hr> <hr> <hr><em>Hint:</em><em> Use short, focussed sentences in a structured answer. Answers can be bullet pointed or numbered if you wish.</em></div> Click on the "+" icon to see a model answer. <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-5">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505975" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Explain why tumour cells are fused to plasma cells to produce monoclonal antibodies. (3 marks)</strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Plasma cells produce specific antibodies.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Tumour cells can grow rapidly (in tissue culture).</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Fusing the plasma cell with a tumour cell produces a hybridoma cell.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The hybridoma cells have both characteristics, it divides rapidly and produces the antibody.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Hybridoma cell tissues grow rapidly in tissue culture.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Hybridoma cells produce large amounts of the specific antibody.</span></li> </ul> <ul> <li><strong>Outline how monoclonal antibodies are used in testing for a pathogen. (3 marks)</strong></li> </ul> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The monoclonal antibody is specific to an antigen on the pathogen.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The antigen is only present on the pathogen.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The antigen and antibody react to cause the test to be positive.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The test is very specific and give accurate results.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Relevant example e.g. Covid-19, malaria</span>.</li> </ul> Examples are useful for marks and also can aid in explanations. A relevant example will be given credit.</div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-expandable panel-has-border panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"> <div> <p>Extra exam question on blood groups and transfusion. Click to open.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Blood groups are determined by the presence or absence of one or both of the A or B antigen.</p> <p>Answer this question on paper and then compare your answer to the model answer.</p> <p><strong>Explain why an individual with blood group A cannot receive blood group B in a transfusion. (2 marks).</strong></p> <div class="yellowBg"> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr><em>Hint: Antigens trigger the immune response.</em></div> Click on the "+" icon to see a model answer. <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-6">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505975" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Explain why an individual with blood group A cannot receive blood group B in a transfusion. (2 marks)..</strong></p> <p>Use the terminology of the immune response.</p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Blood group A has A antigen present on the surface of red blood cells and blood group B has B antigen present on the surface of red blood cells.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">If B group blood is given to a patient with A blood group, the B antigens will be recognised as non-self by the recipient of the blood.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Non-self antigens stimulate an immune response in the patient (with blood group A).</span></li> </ul> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Test yourself</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-7">Multiple choice questions<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505975" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>This is a self marking quiz containing questions covering the topic outlined above.<br> Try the questions to check your understanding.</p> <br><a class="btn btn-primary btn-block text-center" data-toggle="modal" href="#386c1dc5"><i class="fa fa-play"></i> START QUIZ!</a><div class="modal fade modal-slide-quiz" id="386c1dc5"> <div class="modal-dialog" style="width: 95vw; max-width: 960px"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header slide-quiz-title"> <h4 id="header-8"> 11.1 Antibodies quiz <strong class="q-number pull-right"> <span class="counter">1</span>/<span class="total">1</span> </strong> <small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505975" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h4> </div> <div class="modal-body p-xs-3"> <div class="slide-quiz" data-stats="5-420-2063" style="opacity: 0"> <div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Describe the consequences of activation on B-lymphocytes of the immune system?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They activate T-cells which helps the immune reaction.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> They produces clones of themselves and become plasma and memory cells.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They become hybridoma cells and form a group of cells called a clone.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They produce a range of antigen binding sites after activation.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>When B-lymphocytes are activated they clone themselves and make antibodies which have receptors for a single antigen.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What is the name given to the surface molecule on a pathogen which provokes an immune response?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> <span>A histamine.</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> <span>An antigen.</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> <span>An antibody.</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> <span>A virus particle.</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Antigens produce an immune reaction leading to the creation of antibodies.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What can be produced by the fusion of a B-lymphocyte and a myeloma cell?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> <span>Tumor cells</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> <span>Hybridoma cells</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> <span>Activated T-lymphocytes</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> <span>Activated B-lymphocytes</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The fusion of a tumour cell with an antibody-producing plasma cell creates a hybridoma cell.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The diagram shows a graph of immune responses, measured by antibiotic concentration in the blood, after infection with a pathogen and after a subsequent reinfection.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/11_animalphysiol/immune_reponses_graph.jpeg" style="width: 350px; height: 206px;"></p><p>Which of the following can be correctly concluded from this graph?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> <span>The bacteria only had one antigen on their surface. </span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> <span>There were more bacteria at day 14 than at day 28. </span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> <span>The primary immune response lasts longer than the secondary response.</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> <span>The latent period after re-infection is about 30% of the latent period after first infection. </span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation">The latent period after re-infection is approxilately two day, but it was seven days after primary infection.<br>This (2 days) is about 30% of seven days.</div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The diagram shows the number of deaths per year for children under five. Three diseases are preventable by vaccines, the grey bar shows numbers for diseases not preventable by vaccines.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/11_animalphysiol/child_deaths.jpeg" style="width: 500px; height: 543px;"></p><p>Estimate the percentage decreases in diseases not preventable by vaccines?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> <span>40 - 45% </span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> <span>2.5 %. </span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> <span>70 - 75% </span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 2.5 million %<span>.</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation">The number of deaths in 1990 from diseases not preventable by vaccinations was 6.3 million.<br>In 2017 it had reduced to 3.7 million. This is a decrease of 2.6 million which is 42% of 6.3 million.</div><div class="q-explanation">2.6 / 6.3 x 100 %</div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The graph below shows global numbers of smallpox cases between 1920 and 2010.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/11_animalphysiol/smallpox_graph.png" style="width: 400px; height: 341px;"></p><p>The WHO vaccination and surveillance program began in 1966. Smallpox was declared eradicated in 1980.<br>What other conclusion could be made using the data from this graph?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Outbreaks of the disease cause large variations in the number of cases.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The last cases of smallpox were in 1980.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Vaccines were more effective than surveillance during this campaign.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The number of cases declined steadily during this period.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The reduction in the number of case was not uniform, outbreaks causes huge increases in cases at several points during this period.<br>Vaccines may have been more effective than surveillance, but there is no data to support this in the graph. In fact the last case was in 1977.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What is the role of B-lymphocytes in the human immune response?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They activate Phagocytes which produce histamine.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Once activated by T-lymphocytes they become phagocytes.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Once activated by T-lymphocytes they divide and form plasma cells .</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They activate T-lymphocytes and then form plasma cells.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Macrophages or T-lymphocytes are the first cells involved in a specific immune response, and they activate B-lymphocytes which divide into plasma cells and memory cells. The plasma cells then produce and release antibodies, specific to the antigens presented to the T-lymphocyte in the beginning.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>In a study by Utrecht University in the Netherlands, a vet was sent to houses to test animals that were living with an owner infected with COVID-19. Six cats out of 154 cats (3.9%) and 7 dogs our of 156 dogs (4.5%) tested positive for COVID-19, while 31 cats (20.1%) and 23 dogs (14.7%) had coronavirus antibodies. The majority of cases in cats and dogs do not have any symptoms of illness.</p><p>Which of the folllowing conclusions could be made from the study?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> COVID-19 is a pathogen that can cross species barriers.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> It is dangerous to have contact with your pets if you have COVID-19.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Cats are more likely to catch COVID-19 than dogs.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Humans are often contaminated with COVID-19 by their pets.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Some pathogens are species specific but this is not the case for the virus COVID-19. This virus can cross the species barrier from one species to another. Some theories suggest that it originated in bats, and may have been transfered to humans through another species, perhaps a pangolin. There is also evidence of zoo animals catching COVID-19 and from the study in this question, domesticated animals like cats and dogs.</p><p>The data in the question is inconclusive, in insufficient about whether dogs or cats catch covid more easily.<br>The disease is most often not a serious illness in these animals, and it is most likely that humans contaminate their pets and ont the pets contaminating humans.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="modal-footer slide-quiz-actions"> <div class=""> <div class="pull-left pull-xs-none mb-xs-3"> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-prev"> <i class="fa fa-arrow-left"></i> Prev </button> </div> <div class="pull-right pull-xs-none"> <button class="btn btn-success btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-results" style="display: none"> <i class="fa fa-bar-chart"></i> Check Results </button> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-next"> Next <i class="fa fa-arrow-right"></i> </button> <button class="btn btn-default btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-close" data-dismiss="modal" style="display: none"> Close </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <h3 id="header-9">Drag and drop activities<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505975" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>Test your ability to construct biological explanations using the drag and drop questions below.</p> <p><strong>The secondary immune response.</strong></p> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-846-2063"><p><span calibri="" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:106%;
font-family:">Drag and drop the correct term into the gap to describe the secondary immnune reponse.</span></p><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p> </p><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">respond</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">vaccination</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">quickly</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">immunity</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">antigen</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">booster</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">B cells</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">previously</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">blood</span> </p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>A secondary immune response occurs when a person has <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="previously"> <span class="review"></span> been exposed to a particular pathogen or has received a <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="vaccination"> <span class="review"></span> .</p><p>In the primary immune response to the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="antigen"> <span class="review"></span> , memory cells are produced from <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="B cells"> <span class="review"></span> and these persist in the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="blood"> <span class="review"></span> once the disease is overcome.</p><p>These memory cells are already primed to <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="respond"> <span class="review"></span> to the specific antigen if it is encountered a second time. They divide <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="quickly"> <span class="review"></span> to rapidly produce antibodies giving <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="immunity"> <span class="review"></span> to the disease.</p><p>A <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="booster"> <span class="review"></span> vaccination has a similar response, enhancing immunity.</p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p><em>The secondary reponse gives immunity as the memory cells immediately recognise the pathogen and respond with great rapidity. The secondary reponse generally produces a greater quantity of antibodies and, subsequently, memory cells to enhance immunity.</em></p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-red"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Just for fun</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Everyone needs a bit of fun while they revise. Try this antibody production and vaccination card matching game.<br> Can you reach the leader board?</p> <p><iframe height="500" src="https://quizlet.com/493029418/match/embed?i=xxmo&x=1jj1" style="border:0" width="100%"></iframe></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="page-container panel-self-assessment" data-id="2063"> <div class="panel-heading">MY PROGRESS</div> <div class="panel-body understanding-rate"> <div class="msg"></div> <label class="label-lg">Self-assessment</label><p>How much of <strong>Antibody production & vaccination 11.1 HL</strong> have you understood?</p><div class="slider-container text-center"><div id="self-assessment-slider" class="sib-slider self-assessment " data-value="1" data-percentage=""></div></div> <label class="label-lg">My notes</label> <textarea name="page-notes" class="form-control" rows="3" placeholder="Write your notes here..."></textarea> </div> <div class="panel-footer 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