File "electrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells-1.html"
Path: /ThinkIB/chem/chemistry/page/19453/electrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells-1html
File size: 132.48 KB
MIME-type: text/html
Charset: utf-8
<a href="../../../tib-galleries/3-540/ec1.png" rel="gallery-540" class="fancy" title=""><a href="../../../tib-galleries/3-540/ec2.png" rel="gallery-540" class="fancy" title=""><a href="../../../tib-galleries/3-540/ec3.png" rel="gallery-540" class="fancy" title=""><a href="../../../tib-galleries/3-540/ec5.png" rel="gallery-540" class="fancy" title=""><a href="../../../tib-galleries/3-540/ec6.png" rel="gallery-540" class="fancy" title=""><a href="../../../tib-galleries/3-540/ec7.png" rel="gallery-540" class="fancy" title=""><a href="../../../tib-galleries/3-540/ec8.png" rel="gallery-540" class="fancy" title=""><a href="../../../tib-galleries/3-540/ec9.png" rel="gallery-540" class="fancy" title=""><a href="../../../tib-galleries/3-540/ec10.png" rel="gallery-540" class="fancy" title=""><a href="../../../tib-galleries/3-540/ec11.png" rel="gallery-540" class="fancy" title=""><a href="../../../tib-galleries/3-540/ec12.png" rel="gallery-540" class="fancy" title=""><!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<!-- Google Tag Manager -->
<script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':
new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src=
'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K5VSFSN');
</script>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager -->
<meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="IE=Edge">
<title>DP Chemistry: Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells</title>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta name="robots" content="index, follow"><meta name="googlebot" content="noarchive">
<!-- Removed by WebCopy --><!--<base href="https://www.thinkib.net">--><!-- Removed by WebCopy --><meta name="keywords" content="chemistry, inthinking, IB, IBDP, IBMYP, thinkib, baccalaureate, education"><meta name="description" content="The first crude fuel cells were actually invented as long ago as 1838 by William Grove, a Welshman and independently by Christian Schönbein from Germany.It was the NASA space programme that really developed them to become a viable technology. The space shuttle contains three fuel cells, which operate as independent power sources. These use oxygen and hydrogen gas and an electrolyte of potassium hydroxide. Each one is..."><meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:title" name="og:title" content="DP Chemistry: Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells">
<meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:image" content="media/ib/chemistry/images/2014-Options/Option-C/Toyota-Mirai.png">
<meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:description" name="og:description" content="The first crude fuel cells were actually invented as long ago as 1838 by William Grove, a Welshman and independently by Christian Schönbein from Germany.It was the NASA space programme that really developed them to become a viable technology. The space shuttle contains three fuel cells, which operate as independent power sources. These use oxygen and hydrogen gas and an electrolyte of potassium hydroxide. Each one is...">
<meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:url" name="og:url" content="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19453/electrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells">
<meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:site_name" name="og:site_name" content="Subscription websites for IB teachers & their classes">
<meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:locale" name="og:locale" content="en">
<meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:type" name="og:type" content="website">
<meta name="description" content="The first crude fuel cells were actually invented as long ago as 1838 by William Grove, a Welshman and independently by Christian Schönbein from Germany.It was the NASA space programme that really developed them to become a viable technology. The space shuttle contains three fuel cells, which operate as independent power sources. These use oxygen and hydrogen gas and an electrolyte of potassium hydroxide. Each one is...">
<meta name="image" content="media/ib/chemistry/images/2014-Options/Option-C/Toyota-Mirai.png">
<meta name="keywords" content="Chemistry, Inthinking, IB, IBDP, IBMYP, Thinkib, Baccalaureate, Education, inthinking, thinkib, baccalaureate, education, diploma, international baccalaureate, international schools, high school degree, middle years, middle years programme, international education, IB diploma">
<meta itemprop="name" content="DP Chemistry: Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells">
<meta itemprop="description" content="The first crude fuel cells were actually invented as long ago as 1838 by William Grove, a Welshman and independently by Christian Schönbein from Germany.It was the NASA space programme that really developed them to become a viable technology. The space shuttle contains three fuel cells, which operate as independent power sources. These use oxygen and hydrogen gas and an electrolyte of potassium hydroxide. Each one is...">
<meta itemprop="image" content="media/ib/chemistry/images/2014-Options/Option-C/Toyota-Mirai.png">
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image">
<meta name="twitter:title" content="DP Chemistry: Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells">
<meta name="twitter:description" content="The first crude fuel cells were actually invented as long ago as 1838 by William Grove, a Welshman and independently by Christian Schönbein from Germany.It was the NASA space programme that really developed them to become a viable technology. The space shuttle contains three fuel cells, which operate as independent power sources. These use oxygen and hydrogen gas and an electrolyte of potassium hydroxide. Each one is...">
<meta name="twitter:image" content="media/ib/chemistry/images/2014-Options/Option-C/Toyota-Mirai.png">
<meta name="twitter:creator" content="@InThinker">
<link href="../../../css/bootstrap.min-1.css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen">
<link href="../../../css/font-awesome-4.7.0/css/font-awesome.min-1.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="../../../css/top-nav.min-1.css?v=202211301945" rel="stylesheet" media="screen">
<link href="../../../css/style.min-1.css?v=202212191040" rel="stylesheet" media="screen">
<link href="../../../css/style-ib.min-1.css?v=202211282000" rel="stylesheet" media="screen">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../js/jq-fancybox/jquery.fancybox.min-1.css">
<link href="../../../js/jq-fancybox/jquery.fancybox.min-1.css" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet">
<script>function inIframe () {try {return window.self !== window.top;} catch (e) {return true;}}if( inIframe() ) { window.location.href = "/mb/embed?mbtest=1&ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F19453%2Felectrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells"; }</script><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../assets/css/ckeditor5-custom-1.css" type="text/css"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/snippets.min-1.css?v=202210181500"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/article.min-1.css?v=202212151220"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/toplevel-map-1.css"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/side-nav.min-1.css?v=20220520"><script src="../../../js/localdates.min-1.js?v=202009290900"></script><script src="../../../js/ifvisible.min-1.js"></script><script>ifvisible.setIdleDuration(300);</script><script>var tibSitename = "chemistry";</script>
<script>
const SITE_TAG = "ib"
const SITE_WEB = "ThinkIB.net"
const SITE_DOMAIN = "www.thinkib.net"
const SITE_URI = "https://thinkib.net"
const SITE_CLIENT_CODE = "TIB000001"
let imageThinker = "../../../img/header-thinker-ib.svg";
let imageStudent = "img/header-student-thinkib.svg";
</script>
<script>var userHash = "IB Docs (2) Team", userTicket = "IB Docs (2) Team";</script><script src="../../../js/user/local-stats.min-1.js?v=202102101800"></script><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="57x57" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-57x57-1.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="114x114" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-114x114-1.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="72x72" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-72x72-1.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="144x144" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-144x144-1.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="60x60" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-60x60-1.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="120x120" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-120x120-1.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="76x76" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-76x76-1.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="152x152" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-152x152-1.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/favicon-196x196-1.png" sizes="196x196"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/favicon-96x96-1.png" sizes="96x96"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/favicon-32x32-1.png" sizes="32x32"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/favicon-16x16-1.png" sizes="16x16"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/favicon-128-1.png" sizes="128x128"><meta name="application-name" content=" "><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#FFFFFF"><meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.thinkib.net/img/favicon/thinkib/mstile-144x144.png"><meta name="msapplication-square70x70logo" content="https://www.thinkib.net/img/favicon/thinkib/mstile-70x70.png"><meta name="msapplication-square150x150logo" content="https://www.thinkib.net/img/favicon/thinkib/mstile-150x150.png"><meta name="msapplication-wide310x150logo" content="https://www.thinkib.net/img/favicon/thinkib/mstile-310x150.png"><meta name="msapplication-square310x310logo" content="https://www.thinkib.net/img/favicon/thinkib/mstile-310x310.png">
</head>
<body onunload="" class="">
<!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-K5VSFSN" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
<div id="header">
<div class="wmap">
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<div class="container-fluid">
<div class="pull-right visible-phone">
<a href="https://www.inthinking.net">
<img class="header-logo" src="../../../img/header-logo-1.svg" style="height: 45px; width: auto;">
</a>
</div>
<div class="visible-phone" style="clear:both;"></div>
<div class="pull-left">
<h1><a href="/chemistry"><span style="">IBDP Chemistry brought to you by the IB Docs (2) Team</span></a></h1>
<p class="slogan hidden-phone"><span class="slogan"><em>InThinking</em> Subject Sites for teachers & their classes</span></p>
<p class="hidden-phone">Website by <strong>Geoffrey Neuss</strong></p>
<p class="hidden-phone">Updated 2 JIB Docs (2) Teamary 2023</p>
</div>
<div class="visible-phone" style="clear:both;"></div>
<div class="pull-right text-right header-right">
<a class="hidden-phone" href="https://www.inthinking.net">
<img class="header-logo" src="../../../img/header-logo-1.svg" style="height: 70px; width: auto;">
</a>
<div class="search">
<a href="#" class="toggle-menu-search" data-toggle="dropdown">
<i class="fa fa-2x fa-search"></i>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="topmenu">
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<div>
<nav class="top-nav"><ul class="level-0"><li class=""><a href="../../../chemistry.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i> Home</a><ul><li class=""><a href="/subscribe"><i class="fa fa-globe fixwidth"></i> Subscribe today</a></li><li class=""><a href="chemistry/sitemap"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fixwidth"></i> Sitemap</a></li><li class=""><a href="chemistry/last-updates"><i class="fa fa-file-text-o fixwidth"></i> Latest updates</a></li><li class=""><a href="chemistry/teaching-materials"><i class="fa fa-puzzle-piece fixwidth"></i> Teaching materials</a></li><li class=""><a href="chemistry/blog"><i class="fa fa-paperclip fixwidth"></i> Blog</a></li><li class=""><a href="chemistry/twitter"><i class="fa fa-twitter fixwidth"></i> Tweets</a></li><li><a><i class="fa fa-external-link fixwidth"></i> <em>InThinking</em> sites</a><ul><li><a class="text-right" href="https://thinkib.net"><span class="pull-left"> All subjects</span> <em style="opacity: .8;">www.thinkib.net</em></a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/biology" target="_blank">IBDP Biology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/businessmanagement" target="_blank">IBDP Business Management</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/economics" target="_blank">IBDP Economics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/englishalit" target="_blank">IBDP English A Literature</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/englishalanglit" target="_blank">IBDP English A: Language & Literature</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/englishb" target="_blank">IBDP English B</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/ess" target="_blank">IBDP Environmental Systems & Societies</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/frenchb" target="_blank">IBDP French B</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/geography" target="_blank">IBDP Geography</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/german" target="_blank">IBDP German A: Language & Literature</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/history" target="_blank">IBDP History</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/mathanalysis" target="_blank">IBDP Maths: Analysis & Approaches</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/mathapplications" target="_blank">IBDP Maths: Applications & Interpretation</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/physics" target="_blank">IBDP Physics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/psychology" target="_blank">IBDP Psychology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/leadership" target="_blank">IB School Leadership</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/spanisha" target="_blank">IBDP Spanish A</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/spanish-abinitio" target="_blank">IBDP Spanish Ab Initio</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/spanishb" target="_blank">IBDP Spanish B</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/teachmaths" target="_blank">teachMathematics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/visualarts" target="_blank">IBDP Visual Arts</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/myp-englishalanglit" target="_blank">IBMYP English Language & Literature</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/myp-resources" target="_blank">IBMYP Resources</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/myp-spanishb" target="_blank">IBMYP Spanish Language Acquisition</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/ibcp" target="_blank">IB Career-related Programme</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkigcse.net" target="_blank"><strong>ThinkIGCSE</strong> - <em>Subject sites for IGCSE teachers</em></a></li></ul></li></ul><li><li><a href="../16256/start-here-1.html">Start here</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../36257/how-to-navigate-the-site-1.html">How to navigate the site</a></li><li><a href="../24826/using-student-access--1.html" class="father">Using student access </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../27330/creating-student-accounts--1.html">Creating student accounts </a></li><li><a href="../32806/short-cut-to-give-students-access-to-a-page-1.html">Short cut to give students access to a page</a></li><li><a href="../27328/setting-assignments-1.html">Setting assignments</a></li><li><a href="../27351/managing-student-accounts-mark-book-1.html">Managing student accounts & mark book</a></li><li><a href="../27362/using-qbank-1.html">Using qBank</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16257/for-teachers-new-to-ib-chemistry-1.html" class="father">For teachers new to IB Chemistry</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16258/dart-board-chemistry-1.html">'Dart board' chemistry</a></li><li><a href="../16274/essential-resources-1.html">Essential resources</a></li><li><a href="../16276/syllabus-1.html">Syllabus</a></li><li><a href="../16278/possible-teaching-schedule-1.html">Possible teaching schedule</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="../46318/teaching-learning-resources-1.html">Teaching, learning & resources</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../17394/approaches-to-teaching-1.html" class="father">Approaches to teaching</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../17395/teaching-styles--1.html">Teaching styles </a></li><li><a href="../17396/teaching-skills--1.html">Teaching skills </a></li><li><a href="../17398/workshops--1.html">Workshops </a></li><li><a href="../17397/teacher-recommendations--1.html">Teacher recommendations </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../27280/approaches-to-learning-1.html" class="father">Approaches to learning</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../27208/thinking-skills-1.html">Thinking skills</a></li><li><a href="../27216/reflection-1.html">Reflection</a></li><li><a href="../27209/communication-skills-1.html">Communication skills</a></li><li><a href="../27211/social-skills-1.html">Social skills</a></li><li><a href="../27232/self-management-1.html">Self-management</a></li><li><a href="../27312/research-1.html">Research</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../17120/resources-1.html" class="father">Resources</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../17119/ib-specific-books-1.html">IB specific books</a></li><li><a href="../17121/general-text-books-1.html">General text books</a></li><li><a href="../17131/post-ib-text-books-1.html">Post IB text books</a></li><li><a href="../17132/journals-1.html">Journals</a></li><li><a href="../17133/newspaper-articles-1.html">Newspaper articles</a></li><li><a href="../17124/demonstrations-1.html">Demonstrations</a></li><li><a href="../17139/chemistry-videos-1.html">Chemistry videos</a></li><li><a href="../17140/web-links-1.html">Web links</a></li><li><a href="../17138/chemistry-apps-1.html">Chemistry apps</a></li><li><a href="../17348/novel-uses-for-the-ib-data-booklet--1.html">Novel uses for the IB data booklet </a></li><li><a href="../17392/books-for-enjoyment--1.html">Books for enjoyment </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../27313/unit-plans-1.html">Unit plans</a></li><li><a href="../22523/critical-thinking-1.html">Critical thinking</a></li><li><a href="../18044/do-you-speak-ib-1.html" class="father">Do you speak IB?</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../17382/changes-to-terminology-1.html">Changes to terminology</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../32761/school-closures-and-distance-learning-1.html">School closures and distance learning</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16347/core-ahl-1.html">Core & AHL</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../16344/syllabus-1.html">Syllabus</a></li><li><a href="../16329/teaching-each-topic-sub-topic-1.html" class="father">Teaching each topic & sub-topic</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16328/topic-1-1.html">Topic 1</a></li><li><a href="../16907/topics-2-12--1.html">Topics 2 & 12 </a></li><li><a href="../17021/topics-3-13-1.html">Topics 3 & 13</a></li><li><a href="../17114/topics-4-14-1.html">Topics 4 & 14</a></li><li><a href="../17669/topics-5-15--1.html">Topics 5 & 15 </a></li><li><a href="../17848/topics-6-16-1.html">Topics 6 & 16</a></li><li><a href="../18038/topics-7-17--1.html">Topics 7 & 17 </a></li><li><a href="../18120/topics-8-18--1.html">Topics 8 & 18 </a></li><li><a href="../18350/topics-9-19-1.html">Topics 9 & 19</a></li><li><a href="../18475/topics-10-20--1.html">Topics 10 & 20 </a></li><li><a href="../17285/topics-11-21--1.html">Topics 11 & 21 </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16441/the-nature-of-science-1.html" class="father">The Nature of Science</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16450/key-terms-concepts-1.html">Key terms & concepts</a></li><li><a href="../34566/nos-critical-thinking-1.html">NOS & Critical Thinking</a></li><li><a href="../32100/how-the-elements-were-named-1.html">How the elements were named</a></li><li><a href="../36753/the-culture-of-chemistry-1.html">The Culture of Chemistry</a></li><li><a href="../17333/nature-of-science-questions-1.html">Nature of Science questions</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16413/incorporating-im-tok-utilization-etc-1.html" class="father">Incorporating IM, TOK, 'Utilization' etc.</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16414/topic-1-1.html">Topic 1</a></li><li><a href="../16916/topics-2-12-1.html">Topics 2 & 12</a></li><li><a href="../17023/topics-3-13--1.html">Topics 3 & 13 </a></li><li><a href="../17055/topics-4-14--1.html">Topics 4 & 14 </a></li><li><a href="../17270/topics-5-15--1.html">Topics 5 & 15 </a></li><li><a href="../17854/topics-6-16--1.html">Topics 6 & 16 </a></li><li><a href="../18041/topics-7-17--1.html">Topics 7 & 17 </a></li><li><a href="../18099/topics-8-18-1.html">Topics 8 & 18</a></li><li><a href="../18349/topics-9-19--1.html">Topics 9 & 19 </a></li><li><a href="../18420/topics-10-20-1.html">Topics 10 & 20</a></li><li><a href="../17269/topics-11-21--1.html">Topics 11 & 21 </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../17866/utilization-relationships-between-topics--1.html" class="father">'Utilization' - Relationships between topics </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../17867/relating-topics-4-14-to-all-the-other-topics-1.html">Relating Topics 4 & 14 to all the other topics</a></li><li><a href="../17868/example-of-connections-1.html">Example of connections</a></li><li><a href="../34404/hydroxychloroquine-ib-chemistry-1.html">Hydroxychloroquine & IB Chemistry</a></li><li><a href="../35418/ammonium-nitrate-ib-chemistry-1.html">Ammonium nitrate & IB Chemistry</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16685/multiple-choice-tests-for-each-topic-1.html" class="father">Multiple choice tests for each topic</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16687/sl-questions-by-topic-1.html">SL Questions by topic</a></li><li><a href="../16688/hl-questions-by-topic-1.html">HL Questions by topic</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="selected"><a href="../19044/options--1.html">Options </a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../19503/option-a--1.html" class="father">Option A </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../19504/introduction-to-materials-science--1.html">Introduction to materials science </a></li><li><a href="../19519/metals-and-icp-spectroscopy-1.html">Metals and ICP spectroscopy</a></li><li><a href="../19541/catalysts--1.html">Catalysts </a></li><li><a href="../19580/liquid-crystals-1.html">Liquid crystals</a></li><li><a href="../19665/polymers--1.html">Polymers </a></li><li><a href="../19672/nanotechnology-1.html">Nanotechnology</a></li><li><a href="../19843/environmental-impact-plastics-1.html">Environmental impact - plastics</a></li><li><a href="../19858/superconducting-metals-x-ray-crystallography--1.html">Superconducting metals & X-ray crystallography </a></li><li><a href="../19666/condensation-polymers-1.html">Condensation polymers</a></li><li><a href="../19916/environmental-impact-heavy-metals-1.html">Environmental impact - heavy metals</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../19284/option-b--1.html" class="father">Option B </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../19290/introduction-to-biochemistry--1.html">Introduction to biochemistry </a></li><li><a href="../19287/proteins-enzymes--1.html">Proteins & enzymes </a></li><li><a href="../19291/lipids-1.html">Lipids</a></li><li><a href="../19299/carbohydrates--1.html">Carbohydrates </a></li><li><a href="../19305/vitamins--1.html">Vitamins </a></li><li><a href="../19313/biochemistry-the-environment--1.html">Biochemistry & the environment </a></li><li><a href="../19336/proteins-enzymes-ahl--1.html">Proteins & enzymes (AHL) </a></li><li><a href="../19347/nucleic-acids--1.html">Nucleic acids </a></li><li><a href="../19361/biological-pigments--1.html">Biological pigments </a></li><li><a href="../19366/stereochemistry-in-biomolecules-1.html">Stereochemistry in biomolecules</a></li></ul></li><li class="selected"><a href="../19390/option-c--1.html" class="father">Option C </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../19391/energy-sources-1.html">Energy sources</a></li><li><a href="../19407/fossil-fuels-1.html">Fossil fuels</a></li><li><a href="../19411/nuclear-fusion-nuclear-fission-reactions-1.html">Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission reactions</a></li><li><a href="../19429/solar-energy-1.html">Solar energy</a></li><li><a href="../19437/environmental-impact-global-warming-1.html">Environmental impact - global warming</a></li><li class="selected"><a href="electrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells-1.html">Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells</a></li><li><a href="../19458/nuclear-fusion-fission-hl--1.html">Nuclear fusion & fission (HL) </a></li><li><a href="../19470/photovoltaic-cells-and-dsscs-1.html">Photovoltaic cells and DSSCs</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../19078/option-d-1.html" class="father">Option D</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../19079/pharmaceutical-products-drug-action--1.html">Pharmaceutical products & drug action </a></li><li><a href="../19158/aspirin-penicillin--1.html">Aspirin & penicillin </a></li><li><a href="../19174/opiates-1.html">Opiates</a></li><li><a href="../19184/ph-regulation-of-the-stomach-1.html">pH regulation of the stomach</a></li><li><a href="../19194/antiviral-medications--1.html">Antiviral medications </a></li><li><a href="../19211/environmental-impact-of-some-medications-1.html">Environmental impact of some medications</a></li><li><a href="../19254/taxol-a-chiral-auxiliary-case-study-1.html">Taxol - a chiral auxiliary case study</a></li><li><a href="../19258/nuclear-medicine--1.html">Nuclear medicine </a></li><li><a href="../19273/drug-detection-analysis--1.html">Drug detection & analysis </a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16592/practical-scheme-of-work-ia--1.html">Practical scheme of work & IA </a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../16682/internal-assessment-1.html" class="father">Internal Assessment</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../18892/scaffolding-the-investigation-1.html">'Scaffolding' the investigation</a></li><li><a href="../18896/timing-organisation--1.html">Timing & organisation </a></li><li><a href="../18905/choosing-the-research-question-1.html">Choosing the research question</a></li><li><a href="../18946/personal-engagement-1.html">Personal engagement</a></li><li><a href="../18950/exploration-1.html">Exploration</a></li><li><a href="../18957/analysis-1.html">Analysis</a></li><li><a href="../18965/evaluation-1.html">Evaluation</a></li><li><a href="../18966/communication-1.html">Communication</a></li><li><a href="../19882/internal-standardization-of-the-ia-1.html">Internal standardization of the IA</a></li><li><a href="../19901/submitting-the-samples-for-moderation-2.html">Submitting the samples for moderation</a></li><li><a href="../33754/ten-suggestions-for-ias-using-secondary-data-1.html">Ten suggestions for IAs using secondary data</a></li><li><a href="../37544/gaining-full-marks-for-a-databased-ia--1.html">Gaining full marks for a databased IA </a></li><li><a href="../19506/ia-example-marking-exercise--1.html">IA example & marking exercise </a></li><li><a href="../23929/genuine-examples-of-moderated-ia-reports-1.html">Genuine examples of moderated IA reports</a></li><li><a href="../25234/examples-of-teacher-marked-ia-reports--1.html">Examples of teacher-marked IA reports </a></li><li><a href="../37542/history-of-internal-assessment-1.html">History of Internal Assessment</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16598/mandatory-laboratory-components-1.html" class="father">Mandatory laboratory components</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16613/formula-of-magnesium-oxide--1.html">Formula of magnesium oxide </a></li><li><a href="../16612/determining-the-mr-of-an-unknown-gas-1.html">Determining the <i>M</i><sub>r</sub> of an unknown gas</a></li><li><a href="../16615/acid-base-titrations--1.html">Acid-base titrations </a></li><li><a href="../16616/a-green-acid-base-practical-1.html">A green acid-base practical</a></li><li><a href="../16617/analysis-of-aspirin-tablets-1.html">Analysis of aspirin tablets</a></li><li><a href="../16618/caco3-in-egg-shells-1.html">CaCO<sub>3</sub> in egg shells</a></li><li><a href="../16644/enthalpy-changes-1.html">Enthalpy changes</a></li><li><a href="../16631/reaction-rates-1.html">Reaction rates</a></li><li><a href="../16635/rate-dependent-factors-1.html">Rate-dependent factors</a></li><li><a href="../16636/determining-ea-for-a-reaction-1.html">Determining <i>E</i><sub>a</sub> for a reaction</a></li><li><a href="../16637/iodination-of-propanone-1.html">Iodination of propanone</a></li><li><a href="../18144/titrations-with-a-ph-meter-1.html">Titrations with a pH meter</a></li><li><a href="../18355/redox-titration-with-kmno4--1.html">Redox titration with KMnO<sub>4</sub> </a></li><li><a href="../16640/voltaic-cells-1.html">Voltaic cells</a></li><li><a href="../16659/3-d-molecular-modelling--1.html">3-D molecular modelling </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../17168/other-good-practicals-1.html" class="father">Other good practicals</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../17196/common-chemical-reactions-1.html">Common chemical reactions</a></li><li><a href="../227/elements-oxides-of-the-third-period--1.html">Elements & oxides of the third period </a></li><li><a href="../17239/the-halogens-1.html">The halogens</a></li><li><a href="../17162/boiling-points-of-mixtures-1.html">Boiling points of mixtures</a></li><li><a href="../17170/polarity-of-molecules-1.html">Polarity of molecules</a></li><li><a href="../18083/le-chateliers-principle--1.html">Le Chatelier's principle </a></li><li><a href="../19582/determining-kc-for-an-esterification-reaction-1.html">Determining <i>K</i><sub>c</sub> for an esterification reaction</a></li><li><a href="../18164/redox-reactions-of-vanadium--1.html">Redox reactions of vanadium </a></li><li><a href="../18351/chlorine-in-swimming-pools--1.html">Chlorine in swimming pools </a></li><li><a href="../18178/analysis-of-cuii-ions-in-solution--1.html">Analysis of Cu(II) ions in solution </a></li><li><a href="../18179/percentage-of-copper-in-brass-1.html">Percentage of copper in brass</a></li><li><a href="../18356/electrolytic-cells--1.html">Electrolytic cells </a></li><li><a href="../18598/reactions-of-organic-compounds-1.html">Reactions of organic compounds</a></li><li><a href="../18752/hydrolysis-of-halogenoalkanes-1.html">Hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes</a></li><li><a href="../18784/preparation-of-13-dinitrobenzene--1.html">Preparation of 1,3-dinitrobenzene </a></li><li><a href="../19022/determination-of-an-organic-structure-1.html">Determination of an organic structure</a></li><li><a href="../19887/preparation-of-nylon-66-1.html">Preparation of nylon 6,6</a></li><li><a href="../19343/determination-of-vitamin-c-content--1.html">Determination of vitamin C content </a></li><li><a href="../19342/hydrolysis-of-starch--1.html">Hydrolysis of starch </a></li><li><a href="../19159/preparation-purification-of-aspirin--1.html">Preparation & purification of aspirin </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../18851/ict-in-practical-work-1.html" class="father">ICT in practical work</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../18852/data-logging--1.html">Data logging </a></li><li><a href="../18853/software-for-graph-plotting--1.html">Software for graph plotting </a></li><li><a href="../18854/spreadsheets-for-data-processing--1.html">Spreadsheets for data processing </a></li><li><a href="../18855/databases-1.html">Databases</a></li><li><a href="../18856/computer-modelling-simulations--1.html">Computer modelling & simulations </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16594/group-4-project-1.html" class="father">Group 4 Project</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16595/practicalities-1.html">Practicalities</a></li><li><a href="../16596/reflective-statement--2.html">Reflective statement </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16666/a-new-laboratory-1.html">A new laboratory?</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16284/exams-1.html">Exams</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../16286/essential-facts-1.html" class="father">Essential Facts</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16287/objectives-command-terms-1.html">Objectives & command terms</a></li><li><a href="../16288/grade-descriptors-1.html">Grade descriptors</a></li><li><a href="../16289/grade-boundaries-1.html">Grade boundaries</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16302/paper-1-multiple-choice-1.html" class="father">Paper 1 (Multiple Choice)</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16303/advice-to-students-paper-1-1.html">Advice to students (Paper 1)</a></li><li><a href="../31515/practice-paper-1-exams-1.html">Practice Paper 1 exams</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16305/paper-2-1.html" class="father">Paper 2</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16306/advice-to-students-paper-2-1.html">Advice to students (Paper 2)</a></li><li><a href="../16307/areas-of-difficulty-1.html">Areas of difficulty</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16313/paper-3--1.html" class="father">Paper 3 </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16314/advice-to-students-paper-3-1.html">Advice to students (Paper 3)</a></li><li><a href="../16342/data-response-questions-1.html">Data response questions</a></li><li><a href="../20054/experimental-work-questions-1.html">Experimental work questions</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16324/the-examination-process-1.html" class="father">The examination process</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16316/setting-the-exam-papers-1.html">Setting the exam papers</a></li><li><a href="../16317/predicted-grades-1.html">Predicted grades</a></li><li><a href="../16318/marking-the-papers-1.html">Marking the papers</a></li><li><a href="../16319/commenting-on-the-exams-1.html">Commenting on the exams</a></li><li><a href="../16320/grade-awarding-1.html">Grade Awarding</a></li><li><a href="../16321/enquiry-upon-results-1.html">Enquiry upon results</a></li><li><a href="../16322/chief-examiners-report-1.html">Chief Examiner's report</a></li><li><a href="../16323/retaking-the-exam-1.html">Retaking the exam</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16325/faqs-1.html">FAQs</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../3147/ib-core-1.html">IB Core</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../3149/learner-profile-1.html">Learner Profile</a></li><li><a href="../21735/extended-essays--1.html" class="father">Extended Essays </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../21736/overview--1.html">Overview </a></li><li><a href="../21780/responsibilities-1.html">Responsibilities</a></li><li><a href="../21790/resources-1.html">Resources</a></li><li><a href="../21800/research-1.html">Research</a></li><li><a href="../21804/writing-the-essay-1.html">Writing the essay</a></li><li><a href="../21810/assessment-1.html">Assessment</a></li><li><a href="../22434/summary-of-advice--1.html">Summary of advice </a></li><li><a href="../25272/faqs--1.html">FAQs </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../307/theory-of-knowledge-tok-1.html" class="father">Theory of Knowledge (TOK)</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../41171/the-12-tok-concepts-1.html">The 12 TOK concepts</a></li><li><a href="../3507/why-tok-chemistry-1.html">Why TOK & Chemistry?</a></li><li><a href="../3505/a-modern-paradigm-1.html">A modern paradigm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="../17783/fast-track-to-tests-questions-1.html">Fast track to tests & questions</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../17784/sl-multiple-choice-tests-on-individual-topics-1.html">SL Multiple choice tests on individual topics</a></li><li><a href="../24351/sl-multiple-choice-quizzes-on-sub-topics-1.html">SL Multiple choice 'quizzes' on sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../31519/sl-practice-paper-1-exams-1.html">SL Practice Paper 1 exams</a></li><li><a href="../17786/sl-questions-on-each-sub-topic-1.html">SL Questions on each sub-topic</a></li><li><a href="../20431/sl-paper-3-section-a-questions-1.html">SL Paper 3 Section A questions</a></li><li><a href="../17792/sl-questions-on-the-options-1.html">SL Questions on the options</a></li><li><a href="../24897/sl-quizzes-on-option-sub-topics--1.html">SL Quizzes on option sub-topics </a></li><li><a href="../17785/hl-multiple-choice-tests-on-individual-topics-1.html">HL Multiple choice tests on individual topics</a></li><li><a href="../24352/hl-multiple-choice-quizzes-on-sub-topics-1.html">HL Multiple choice 'quizzes' on sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../31520/hl-practice-paper-1-exams--1.html">HL Practice Paper 1 exams </a></li><li><a href="../17787/hl-questions-on-each-sub-topic--1.html">HL Questions on each sub-topic </a></li><li><a href="../20428/hl-paper-3-section-a-questions-1.html">HL Paper 3 Section A questions</a></li><li><a href="../17793/hl-questions-on-the-options-1.html">HL Questions on the options</a></li><li><a href="../24973/hl-quizzes-on-option-sub-topics-1.html">HL Quizzes on option sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../41573/printable-versions-of-written-tasks--1.html">Printable versions of written tasks </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../41465/complete-course-for-students--2.html">Complete course for students </a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../27988/full-coverage-of-each-topic-and-sub-topic-2.html" class="father">Full coverage of each topic and sub-topic</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../27959/topic-1-stoichiometric-relationships-1.html">Topic 1 : Stoichiometric relationships</a></li><li><a href="../27960/topics-2-12-atomic-structure-1.html">Topics 2 & 12 : Atomic structure</a></li><li><a href="../27965/topics-3-13-periodicity-1.html">Topics 3 & 13 : Periodicity</a></li><li><a href="../27971/topics-4-14-chemical-bonding-structure-1.html">Topics 4 & 14 : Chemical bonding & structure</a></li><li><a href="../27987/topics-5-15-energeticsthermochemistry-1.html">Topics 5 & 15 : Energetics/thermochemistry</a></li><li><a href="../27995/topics-6-16-chemical-kinetics-1.html">Topics 6 & 16 : Chemical kinetics</a></li><li><a href="../28001/topics-7-17-equilibrium--1.html">Topics 7 & 17 : Equilibrium </a></li><li><a href="../28017/topics-8-18-acids-and-bases--1.html">Topics 8 & 18 : Acids and bases </a></li><li><a href="../28031/topics-9-19-redox-process-1.html">Topics 9 & 19 : Redox process</a></li><li><a href="../28061/topics-10-20-organic-chemistry-1.html">Topics 10 & 20 : Organic chemistry</a></li><li><a href="../28038/topics-11-21-measurement-data-processing-analysis-1.html">Topics 11 & 21 : Measurement, data processing & analysis</a></li><li><a href="../28074/option-a-materials--1.html">Option A : Materials </a></li><li><a href="../28087/option-b-biochemistry-1.html">Option B : Biochemistry</a></li><li><a href="../28098/option-c-energy--1.html">Option C : Energy </a></li><li><a href="../28109/option-d-medicinal-chemistry-1.html">Option D : Medicinal chemistry</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../41553/practical-work-including-ia-group-4-project--1.html" class="father">Practical work (including IA & Group 4 Project) </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../41528/internal-assessment-1.html">Internal Assessment</a></li><li><a href="../41657/group-4-project-1.html">Group 4 Project</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../41387/approaches-to-learning--1.html" class="father">Approaches to learning </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../41380/thinking-skills-1.html">Thinking skills</a></li><li><a href="../41383/communication-skills-1.html">Communication skills</a></li><li><a href="../41384/social-skills--1.html">Social skills </a></li><li><a href="../41385/self-management-skills-1.html">Self-management skills</a></li><li><a href="../41386/research-skills-1.html">Research skills</a></li><li><a href="../41382/reflection-skills--1.html">Reflection skills </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../41488/the-nature-of-science-1.html" class="father">The Nature of Science</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../41489/key-terms-concepts--1.html">Key terms & concepts </a></li><li><a href="../41492/how-the-elements-were-named--1.html">How the elements were named </a></li><li><a href="../41490/nos-critical-thinking-1.html">NOS & Critical Thinking</a></li><li><a href="../41493/the-culture-of-chemistry--1.html">The Culture of Chemistry </a></li><li><a href="../41494/nature-of-science-questions--1.html">Nature of Science questions </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../41401/external-assessment-exams-1.html" class="father">External assessment (Exams)</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../41403/essential-facts--1.html">Essential Facts </a></li><li><a href="../41409/paper-1-multiple-choice--1.html">Paper 1 (Multiple Choice) </a></li><li><a href="../41417/paper-2--1.html">Paper 2 </a></li><li><a href="../41431/paper-3--1.html">Paper 3 </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../41662/extended-essay--1.html" class="father">Extended Essay </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../41685/preparation-1.html">Preparation</a></li><li><a href="../41686/researching--1.html">Researching </a></li><li><a href="../42075/writing-the-essay-1.html">Writing the essay</a></li><li><a href="../41687/assessment-1.html">Assessment</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></nav>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<nav id="nav-menu-search" style="display: none;">
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<form class="form-inline" role="search" method="get" action="chemistry/search">
<input id="nav-search" name="s" type="search" placeholder="Search Chemistry..." value="">
<button class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" type="submit">
Search
</button>
<a href="#" class="toggle-menu-search" title="Close">
<i class="fa fa-lg fa-times gray"></i>
</a>
</form>
</div>
</nav>
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<div id="container" class="container-fluid">
<div id="content">
<div class="row-fluid">
<div id="left-column" class="span3"><div class="dropdown" id="userbox"><a class="dropdown-toggle btn" data-toggle="dropdown" onclick="return false;"><img src="../../../img/user/t/IBRR.jpg" style="width: 16px; height: 16px; margin: -2px 0 0 0;"> IB Docs (2) Team <i class="fa fa-caret-down gray"></i></a><ul class="dropdown-menu" style="min-width: 200px"><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry" class="" title=""><i class="fa fa-globe fixwidth colored"></i>IBDP Chemistry</a></li><li class="divider"></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/user" class="" title="Check & modify your profile"><i class="fa fa-user fixwidth colored"></i>My profile</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/sitemap" class="" title="Get an overview of the site"><i class="fa fa-sitemap colored fixwidth colored"></i>Sitemap</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/std-access" class="" title="Set up/Manage student access"><i class="fa fa-group fixwidth colored"></i>Student access</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/user/teacher-accounts" class="" title="Manage teacher accounts"><i class="fa fa-cogs fixwidth colored"></i>Teacher accounts</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/user/bookmarks" class="" title="Manage your bookmarked pages"><i class="fa fa-star fixwidth colored"></i>My favorites</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/user/messages" class="" title="Read your messages"><i class="fa fa-envelope-o fixwidth colored"></i>Messages</a></li><li><a href="/help/thinkib" class="pop-up-help" title="Help"><i class="fa fa-info-circle fixwidth colored"></i>Help</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/subscribe/" class="" title="Add / Renew subjects"><i class="fa fa-refresh fixwidth colored"></i>Renew</a></li><li class="divider"></li><li><a href="chemistry?logout=1"><i class="fa fa-power-off fixwidth colored"></i>Log out</a></li></ul></div><div id="std-teacher-only" style="padding-bottom: 10px;"><div style="display:flex;align-items:center"><img src="../../../img/icons/teacher.svg" style="margin: 0px;width:32px;height:auto;"><span style="color: #224466; font-weight: bold; margin-left: 5px;">Teacher only page</span></div></div><nav id="sidemenu" class="side-nav"><div class="header"><span style="color: #fff;"><a href="../19044/options--1.html">Options </a></span><span id="sidetreecontrol"><a title="Collapse all" rel="collapse" href="#"><i class="fa fa-minus-circle"></i></a> <a title="Expand all" rel="expand" href="#"><i class="fa fa-plus-circle"></i></a></span></div><ul class="level-0 always-expanded"><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19503/option-a--1.html" title="Option A ">Option A </a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19504/introduction-to-materials-science--1.html" title="Introduction to materials science ">Introduction to materials science </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19512/materials-science-introduction-questions--1.html" title="Materials science introduction questions ">Materials science introduction questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../26082/mc-test-introduction-to-materials-science-1.html" title="MC test: Introduction to materials science">MC test: Introduction to materials science</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../26051/materials-science-introduction-answers--1.html" title="Materials science introduction answers ">Materials science introduction answers </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19519/metals-and-icp-spectroscopy-1.html" title="Metals and ICP spectroscopy">Metals and ICP spectroscopy</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../26109/mc-test-metals-icp-spectroscopy-1.html" title="MC test: Metals & ICP spectroscopy">MC test: Metals & ICP spectroscopy</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19540/metals-icp-spectroscopy-questions-1.html" title="Metals & ICP spectroscopy questions">Metals & ICP spectroscopy questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../26052/metals-icp-spectroscopy-answers-1.html" title="Metals & ICP spectroscopy answers">Metals & ICP spectroscopy answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19541/catalysts--1.html" title="Catalysts ">Catalysts </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../26518/mc-test-catalysts-1.html" title="MC test: Catalysts">MC test: Catalysts</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19549/catalysts-questions--1.html" title="Catalysts questions ">Catalysts questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../26053/catalysts-answers--1.html" title="Catalysts answers ">Catalysts answers </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19580/liquid-crystals-1.html" title="Liquid crystals">Liquid crystals</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../26133/mc-test-liquid-crystals-1.html" title="MC test: Liquid crystals">MC test: Liquid crystals</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19592/liquid-crystals-questions--1.html" title="Liquid crystals questions ">Liquid crystals questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../26054/liquid-crystals-answers-1.html" title="Liquid crystals answers">Liquid crystals answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19665/polymers--1.html" title="Polymers ">Polymers </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../26130/mc-test-polymers-1.html" title="MC test: Polymers">MC test: Polymers</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19667/polymers-questions--1.html" title="Polymers questions ">Polymers questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../26055/polymers-answers--1.html" title="Polymers answers ">Polymers answers </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19672/nanotechnology-1.html" title="Nanotechnology">Nanotechnology</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../26759/mc-test-nanotechnology-1.html" title="MC test: Nanotechnology">MC test: Nanotechnology</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19778/nanotechnology-questions--1.html" title="Nanotechnology questions ">Nanotechnology questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../26056/nanotechnology-answers--1.html" title="Nanotechnology answers ">Nanotechnology answers </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19843/environmental-impact-plastics-1.html" title="Environmental impact - plastics">Environmental impact - plastics</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../26857/mc-test-environmental-impact-plastics-1.html" title="MC test: Environmental impact - plastics">MC test: Environmental impact - plastics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19847/environmental-impact-plastics-questions-1.html" title="Environmental impact - plastics questions">Environmental impact - plastics questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../26057/environmental-impact-plastics-answers-1.html" title="Environmental impact - plastics answers">Environmental impact - plastics answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19858/superconducting-metals-x-ray-crystallography--1.html" title="Superconducting metals & X-ray crystallography ">Superconducting metals & X-ray crystallography </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../26975/mc-test-superconducting-metals-x-ray-crystallography-1.html" title="MC test: Superconducting metals & X-ray crystallography">MC test: Superconducting metals & X-ray crystallography</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19860/superconducting-metals-x-ray-crystallography-questions--1.html" title="Superconducting metals & X-ray crystallography questions ">Superconducting metals & X-ray crystallography questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../26058/superconducting-metals-x-ray-crystallography-answers-1.html" title="Superconducting metals & X-ray crystallography answers">Superconducting metals & X-ray crystallography answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19666/condensation-polymers-1.html" title="Condensation polymers">Condensation polymers</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../27130/mc-test-condensation-polymers-1.html" title="MC test: Condensation polymers">MC test: Condensation polymers</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19910/condensation-polymers-questions--1.html" title="Condensation polymers questions ">Condensation polymers questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../26059/condensation-polymers-answers-1.html" title="Condensation polymers answers">Condensation polymers answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19916/environmental-impact-heavy-metals-1.html" title="Environmental impact - heavy metals">Environmental impact - heavy metals</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../27097/mc-test-environmental-impact-heavy-metals-1.html" title="MC test: Environmental impact - heavy metals">MC test: Environmental impact - heavy metals</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19926/environmental-impact-heavy-metals-questions--1.html" title="Environmental impact - heavy metals questions ">Environmental impact - heavy metals questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../26060/environmental-impact-heavy-metals-answers-1.html" title="Environmental impact - heavy metals answers">Environmental impact - heavy metals answers</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19284/option-b--1.html" title="Option B ">Option B </a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19290/introduction-to-biochemistry--1.html" title="Introduction to biochemistry ">Introduction to biochemistry </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24828/mc-test-introduction-to-biochemistry-1.html" title="MC test: Introduction to biochemistry">MC test: Introduction to biochemistry</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19286/introduction-to-biochemistry-questions--1.html" title="Introduction to biochemistry questions ">Introduction to biochemistry questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24860/introduction-to-biochemistry-answers-1.html" title="Introduction to biochemistry answers">Introduction to biochemistry answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19287/proteins-enzymes--1.html" title="Proteins & enzymes ">Proteins & enzymes </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24830/mc-test-proteins-enzymes-1.html" title="MC test: Proteins & enzymes">MC test: Proteins & enzymes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19289/proteins-enzymes-questions--1.html" title="Proteins & enzymes questions ">Proteins & enzymes questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24862/proteins-enzymes-answers-1.html" title="Proteins & enzymes answers">Proteins & enzymes answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19291/lipids-1.html" title="Lipids">Lipids</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24834/mc-test-lipids-1.html" title="MC test: Lipids">MC test: Lipids</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19292/lipids-questions--1.html" title="Lipids questions ">Lipids questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24863/lipids-answers-1.html" title="Lipids answers">Lipids answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19299/carbohydrates--1.html" title="Carbohydrates ">Carbohydrates </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24851/mc-test-carbohydrates-1.html" title="MC test: Carbohydrates">MC test: Carbohydrates</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19298/carbohydrate-questions--1.html" title="Carbohydrate questions ">Carbohydrate questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24864/carbohydrate-answers-1.html" title="Carbohydrate answers">Carbohydrate answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19305/vitamins--1.html" title="Vitamins ">Vitamins </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24829/mc-test-vitamins-1.html" title="MC test: Vitamins">MC test: Vitamins</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19410/vitamins-questions--1.html" title="Vitamins questions ">Vitamins questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24865/vitamins-answers-1.html" title="Vitamins answers">Vitamins answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19313/biochemistry-the-environment--1.html" title="Biochemistry & the environment ">Biochemistry & the environment </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24946/mc-test-biochemistry-the-environment-1.html" title="MC test: Biochemistry & the environment">MC test: Biochemistry & the environment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19335/biochemistry-the-environment-questions-1.html" title="Biochemistry & the environment questions">Biochemistry & the environment questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24866/biochemistry-the-environment-answers-1.html" title="Biochemistry & the environment answers">Biochemistry & the environment answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19336/proteins-enzymes-ahl--1.html" title="Proteins & enzymes (AHL) ">Proteins & enzymes (AHL) </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24962/mc-test-proteins-enzymes-ahl-1.html" title="MC test: Proteins & enzymes (AHL)">MC test: Proteins & enzymes (AHL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19341/proteins-enzymes-hl-questions--1.html" title="Proteins & enzymes (HL) questions ">Proteins & enzymes (HL) questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24867/proteins-enzymes-hl-answers-1.html" title="Proteins & enzymes (HL) answers">Proteins & enzymes (HL) answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19347/nucleic-acids--1.html" title="Nucleic acids ">Nucleic acids </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24993/mc-test-nucleic-acids-1.html" title="MC test: Nucleic acids">MC test: Nucleic acids</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19360/nucleic-acids-questions--1.html" title="Nucleic acids questions ">Nucleic acids questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24869/nucleic-acids-answers-1.html" title="Nucleic acids answers">Nucleic acids answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19361/biological-pigments--1.html" title="Biological pigments ">Biological pigments </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25033/mc-test-biological-pigments-1.html" title="MC test: Biological pigments">MC test: Biological pigments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19365/biological-pigments-questions--1.html" title="Biological pigments questions ">Biological pigments questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24870/biological-pigments-answers-1.html" title="Biological pigments answers">Biological pigments answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19366/stereochemistry-in-biomolecules-1.html" title="Stereochemistry in biomolecules">Stereochemistry in biomolecules</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25034/mc-test-stereochemistry-in-biomolecules--1.html" title="MC test: Stereochemistry in biomolecules ">MC test: Stereochemistry in biomolecules </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19373/stereochemistry-in-biomolecules-questions-1.html" title="Stereochemistry in biomolecules questions">Stereochemistry in biomolecules questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24871/stereochemistry-in-biomolecules-answers--1.html" title="Stereochemistry in biomolecules answers ">Stereochemistry in biomolecules answers </a></li></ul></ul><li class="ancestor parent" style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a href="../19390/option-c--1.html" title="Option C ">Option C </a></li><ul class="level-1 expanded"><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19391/energy-sources-1.html" title="Energy sources">Energy sources</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25112/mc-test-energy-sources-1.html" title="MC test: Energy sources">MC test: Energy sources</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19404/energy-sources-questions--1.html" title="Energy sources questions ">Energy sources questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25025/energy-sources-answers-1.html" title="Energy sources answers">Energy sources answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19407/fossil-fuels-1.html" title="Fossil fuels">Fossil fuels</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25178/mc-test-fossil-fuels-1.html" title="MC test: Fossil fuels">MC test: Fossil fuels</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19312/fossil-fuels-questions--1.html" title="Fossil fuels questions ">Fossil fuels questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25123/fossil-fuels-answers--1.html" title="Fossil fuels answers ">Fossil fuels answers </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19411/nuclear-fusion-nuclear-fission-reactions-1.html" title="Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission reactions">Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission reactions</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25188/mc-test-nuclear-fusion-nuclear-fission-reactions-1.html" title="MC test: Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission reactions">MC test: Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission reactions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19421/nuclear-fusion-nuclear-fission-questions-1.html" title="Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission questions">Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25180/nuclear-fusion-nuclear-fission-answers-1.html" title="Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission answers">Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19429/solar-energy-1.html" title="Solar energy">Solar energy</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25207/mc-test-solar-energy-1.html" title="MC test: Solar energy">MC test: Solar energy</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19430/solar-energy-questions-1.html" title="Solar energy questions">Solar energy questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25189/solar-energy-answers-1.html" title="Solar energy answers">Solar energy answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19437/environmental-impact-global-warming-1.html" title="Environmental impact - global warming">Environmental impact - global warming</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25236/mc-test-environmental-impact-global-warming-1.html" title="MC test: Environmental impact – global warming">MC test: Environmental impact – global warming</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19450/environmental-impact-global-warming-questions--1.html" title="Environmental impact - global warming questions ">Environmental impact - global warming questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25190/environmental-impact-global-warming-answers-1.html" title="Environmental impact - global warming answers">Environmental impact - global warming answers</a></li></ul><li class="current parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a href="electrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells-1.html" title="Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells">Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells</a></li><ul class="level-2 expanded"><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25258/mc-test-electrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells-1.html" title="MC test: Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells">MC test: Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19455/electrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells-questions-1.html" title="Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells questions">Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25204/electrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells-answers-1.html" title="Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells answers">Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19458/nuclear-fusion-fission-hl--1.html" title="Nuclear fusion & fission (HL) ">Nuclear fusion & fission (HL) </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25269/mc-test-nuclear-fusion-nuclear-fission-hl-1.html" title="MC test: Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission (HL)">MC test: Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission (HL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19468/nuclear-fusion-fission-reactions-hl-questions--1.html" title="Nuclear fusion & fission reactions (HL) questions ">Nuclear fusion & fission reactions (HL) questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25205/nuclear-fusion-fission-reactions-hl-answers-1.html" title="Nuclear fusion & fission reactions (HL) answers">Nuclear fusion & fission reactions (HL) answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19470/photovoltaic-cells-and-dsscs-1.html" title="Photovoltaic cells and DSSCs">Photovoltaic cells and DSSCs</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25302/mc-test-photovoltaic-cells-dsscs-1.html" title="MC test: Photovoltaic cells & DSSCs">MC test: Photovoltaic cells & DSSCs</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19471/photovoltaic-cells-and-dsscs-questions--1.html" title="Photovoltaic cells and DSSCs questions ">Photovoltaic cells and DSSCs questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25206/photovoltaic-cells-and-dsscs-answers-1.html" title="Photovoltaic cells and DSSCs answers">Photovoltaic cells and DSSCs answers</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19078/option-d-1.html" title="Option D">Option D</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19079/pharmaceutical-products-drug-action--1.html" title="Pharmaceutical products & drug action ">Pharmaceutical products & drug action </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25440/mc-test-pharmaceutical-products-drug-action-1.html" title="MC test: Pharmaceutical products & drug action">MC test: Pharmaceutical products & drug action</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19154/pharmaceutical-products-drug-action-questions--1.html" title="Pharmaceutical products & drug action questions ">Pharmaceutical products & drug action questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25270/pharmaceutical-products-drug-action-answers--1.html" title="Pharmaceutical products & drug action answers ">Pharmaceutical products & drug action answers </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19158/aspirin-penicillin--1.html" title="Aspirin & penicillin ">Aspirin & penicillin </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25684/mc-test-aspirin-penicillin-1.html" title="MC test: Aspirin & penicillin">MC test: Aspirin & penicillin</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19171/aspirin-penicillin-questions-1.html" title="Aspirin & penicillin questions">Aspirin & penicillin questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25313/aspirin-penicillin-answers--1.html" title="Aspirin & penicillin answers ">Aspirin & penicillin answers </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19174/opiates-1.html" title="Opiates">Opiates</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25494/mc-test-opiates-1.html" title="MC test: Opiates">MC test: Opiates</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19176/opiates-questions-1.html" title="Opiates questions">Opiates questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25356/opiates-answers--1.html" title="Opiates answers ">Opiates answers </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19184/ph-regulation-of-the-stomach-1.html" title="pH regulation of the stomach">pH regulation of the stomach</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25683/mc-test-ph-regulation-of-the-stomach-1.html" title="MC test: pH regulation of the stomach">MC test: pH regulation of the stomach</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19185/ph-regulation-of-the-stomach-questions--1.html" title="pH regulation of the stomach questions ">pH regulation of the stomach questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25391/ph-regulation-of-the-stomach-answers-1.html" title="pH regulation of the stomach answers">pH regulation of the stomach answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19194/antiviral-medications--1.html" title="Antiviral medications ">Antiviral medications </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25685/mc-test-antiviral-medications-1.html" title="MC test: Antiviral medications">MC test: Antiviral medications</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19195/antiviral-medications-questions-1.html" title="Antiviral medications questions">Antiviral medications questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25521/antiviral-medications-answers--1.html" title="Antiviral medications answers ">Antiviral medications answers </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19211/environmental-impact-of-some-medications-1.html" title="Environmental impact of some medications">Environmental impact of some medications</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25686/mc-test-environmental-impact-of-some-medications-1.html" title="MC test: Environmental impact of some medications">MC test: Environmental impact of some medications</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19216/environmental-impact-of-some-medications-questions-1.html" title="Environmental impact of some medications questions">Environmental impact of some medications questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25628/environmental-impact-of-some-medications-answers-1.html" title="Environmental impact of some medications answers">Environmental impact of some medications answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19254/taxol-a-chiral-auxiliary-case-study-1.html" title="Taxol - a chiral auxiliary case study">Taxol - a chiral auxiliary case study</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25687/mc-test-taxol-a-chiral-auxiliary-case-study-1.html" title="MC test: Taxol - a chiral auxiliary case study">MC test: Taxol - a chiral auxiliary case study</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19256/taxol-questions--1.html" title="Taxol questions ">Taxol questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25638/taxol-answers-1.html" title="Taxol answers">Taxol answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19258/nuclear-medicine--1.html" title="Nuclear medicine ">Nuclear medicine </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../26020/mc-test-nuclear-medicine-1.html" title="MC test: Nuclear medicine">MC test: Nuclear medicine</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19270/nuclear-medicine-questions--1.html" title="Nuclear medicine questions ">Nuclear medicine questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25656/nuclear-medicine-answers-1.html" title="Nuclear medicine answers">Nuclear medicine answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19273/drug-detection-analysis--1.html" title="Drug detection & analysis ">Drug detection & analysis </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../26047/mc-test-drug-detection-analysis-1.html" title="MC test: Drug detection & analysis">MC test: Drug detection & analysis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19274/drug-detection-analysis-questions--1.html" title="Drug detection & analysis questions ">Drug detection & analysis questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25657/drug-detection-analysis-answers--1.html" title="Drug detection & analysis answers ">Drug detection & analysis answers </a></li></ul></ul></ul></nav></div><!-- /#left-column-->
<div id="main-column" class="span9"><article id="main-article"><a id="exit-fs" title="Exit presentation mode" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-arrows-alt"></i></a><ul class="page-actions no-print stacked nav nav-list visible-desktop"><li><a class="presentation" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-desktop"></i><span>Presentation mode</span></a></li><li><a class="print-section-blog" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-print"></i><span>Print this page</span></a></li><li><a class="page-bookmarker stacked" data-ticket="IB Docs (2) Team" data-pid="19453" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star"></i><span>Favourite</span></a><textarea data-ticket="IB Docs (2) Team" data-pid="19453" id="editor" class="favcomms hidden" placeholder="Your personal notes..."></textarea></li><li><a class="personal-notes" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-file-text"></i><span>Personal notes</span></a></li><li><a class="" data-toggle="modal" href="#modal-feedback" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i><span>Feedback</span></a></li><li class="dropdown"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-target="#" href="#"><i class="fa fa-share-alt"></i><span>Share this page</span></a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Twitter" href="https://twitter.com/share?text=%22Electrochemistry%2C+rechargeable+batteries+%26+fuel+cells%22+-+via+%40InThinker+%23chemistry%0A&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F19453%2Felectrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells"><i class="fa fa-twitter-square"></i><span>Twitter</span></a></li><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F19453%2Felectrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells&t=Electrochemistry,+rechargeable+batteries+&+fuel+cells"><i class="fa fa-facebook-square"></i><span>Facebook</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F19453%2Felectrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells"><i class="fa fa-linkedin-square"></i><span>LinkedIn</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="https://plus.google.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F19453%2Felectrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells"><i class="fa fa-google-plus-square"></i><span>Google +</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="mailto:?subject=Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells&body=The first crude fuel cells were actually invented as long ago as 1838 by William Grove, a Welshman and independently by Christian Schönbein from Germany.It was the NASA space programme that really developed them to become...%0Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F19453%2Felectrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells"><i class="fa fa-envelope"></i><span>Email</span></a></li></ul></li><li><a class="" href="chemistry/teaching-materials"><i class="fa fa-puzzle-piece colored"></i><span>Teaching materials</span></a></li></ul><div class="page-actions no-print navbar inline hidden-desktop"><div class="navbar-inner"><ul class="nav"><li><a class="presentation" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-desktop"></i></a></li><li><a class="print-section-blog" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-print"></i></a></li><li><a class="page-bookmarker" data-ticket="IB Docs (2) Team" data-pid="19453" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star"></i></a></li><li><a class="personal-notes" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-file-text"></i></a></li><li><a class="" data-toggle="modal" href="#modal-feedback" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></a></li><li class="dropdown"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-target="#" href="#"><i class="fa fa-share-alt"></i></a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Twitter" href="https://twitter.com/share?text=%22Electrochemistry%2C+rechargeable+batteries+%26+fuel+cells%22+-+via+%40InThinker+%23chemistry%0A&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F19453%2Felectrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells"><i class="fa fa-twitter-square"></i><span>Twitter</span></a></li><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F19453%2Felectrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells&t=Electrochemistry,+rechargeable+batteries+&+fuel+cells"><i class="fa fa-facebook-square"></i><span>Facebook</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F19453%2Felectrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells"><i class="fa fa-linkedin-square"></i><span>LinkedIn</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="https://plus.google.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F19453%2Felectrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells"><i class="fa fa-google-plus-square"></i><span>Google +</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="mailto:?subject=Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells&body=The first crude fuel cells were actually invented as long ago as 1838 by William Grove, a Welshman and independently by Christian Schönbein from Germany.It was the NASA space programme that really developed them to become...%0Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F19453%2Felectrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells"><i class="fa fa-envelope"></i><span>Email</span></a></li></ul></li><li><a class="" href="chemistry/teaching-materials"><i class="fa fa-puzzle-piece colored"></i></a></li></ul></div></div><h1 class="section-title">Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells</h1><ul class="breadcrumb"><li><a title="Home" href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><span class="divider"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right"></i></span></li><li><a title="Go to: Options " href="../19044/options--1.html">Options </a><span class="divider"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right"></i></span></li><li><a title="Go to: Option C " href="../19390/option-c--1.html">Option C </a><span class="divider"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right"></i></span></li><li><span>Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells</span></li></ul><div id="std-sidebox-task-added-msg"></div><div id="modal-feedback" class="modal hide fade text-left" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="log-in form" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="modal-header">
<button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-hidden="true">×</button>
<h3>Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells: Feedback</h3>
</div>
<div class="modal-body">
<form method="post" id="feedback-form">
<div class="row-fluid">
<div class="span12" style="margin: 12px 0">
<p>
Which of the following best describes your feedback?
</p>
<label class="radio" style="float: left; margin-right: 12px">
<input type="radio" checked="checked" value="useful" name="feedback-type">
Recommend
</label><label class="radio" style="float: left; margin-right: 12px">
<input type="radio" value="error" name="feedback-type">
Report a problem
</label><label class="radio" style="float: left; margin-right: 12px">
<input type="radio" value="improve" name="feedback-type">
Suggest an improvement
</label><label class="radio" style="float: left; margin-right: 12px">
<input type="radio" value="other" name="feedback-type">
Other
</label>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row-fluid">
<label>Comments:</label>
<div class="row-fluid">
<textarea class="span12" name="feedback-comment" placeholder="Your feedback... (optional)"></textarea>
</div>
</div>
<input type="hidden" name="feedback-submited" value="1">
</form>
</div>
<div class="modal-footer">
<button class="btn btn-large" type="button" data-dismiss="modal" aria-hidden="true">
<i class="fa fa-remove"></i>
Cancel
</button>
<button class="btn pull-right" id="submit-feedback" onclick="javascript:$('#feedback-form').submit();return false;">
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
Submit
</button>
</div>
</div><section id="main-content"><div id="toc-1672969695" class="toc"><a href="#" class="toc-switcher" title="Show table of contents"><small><i class="fa fa-reorder"></i> Table of contents <span class="pull-right"><i class="fa fa-chevron-down"></i></span></small></a></div><h1><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/higher-1.png"> C.6 Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells<br>(4 hours)</h1><div class="pinkBg"><div><h2>Pause for thought</h2><p>The first crude fuel cells were actually invented as long ago as 1838 by William Grove, a Welshman and independently by Christian Schönbein from Germany.</p><p>It was the <a href="http://www.nasa.gov/topics/technology/hydrogen/fc_shuttle.html">NASA space programme</a> that really developed them to become a viable technology. The space shuttle contains three fuel cells, which operate as independent power sources. These use oxygen and hydrogen gas and an electrolyte of potassium hydroxide. Each one is capable of supplying 12 kW peak and 7 kW maximum continuous power supply which is ample for the average power consumption of the shuttle. As well as providing electrical power and heat, the product, water, is used by the astronauts for drinking.</p><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" class="noborder" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014-Options/Option-C/Toyota-Mirai.png" style="width: 320px; height: 152px;" title="Image from Toyota http://www.toyota.com/mirai/fcv.html"></p><p style="text-align: center;">Cut-away of the <a href="http://www.toyota.com/mirai/fcv.html">Toyota Mirai</a> showing the fuel cell stacks beneath the driver and passenger seats and the yellow hydrogen fuel tanks in the rear.</p><hr class="hidden"><p>Only now are fuel cells being seriously used to power cars. This year Toyota plans to build 700 cars running on hydrogen fuel cells. The car, the <a href="http://www.toyota.com/mirai/fcv.html">Toyota Mirai</a>, has a range of 312 miles (502 km) from a full tank. The first cars went on sale in the US in August 2015 at a basic cost (before any government subsidies) of $57 500. The relatively high cost and the current lack of hydrogen fuel stations are two initial hurdles that will need to be overcome. Ultimately vehicles powered by fuel cells (FCVs) may well prove to be the best answer to providing transport for the masses that does not rely on fossil fuels and so significantly reduce the emission of polluting greenhouse gases.</p><hr class="hidden"></div></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="box"><div><h2 id="anchor-2">Nature of science</h2><p>Redox reactions can be used as a good source of electricity but the disposal of batteries can cause environmental problems.</p><hr class="hidden"></div></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="box"><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="width: 50%;" valign="top"><div class="yellowBg"><div><h2 id="anchor-3"><strong><strong>Learning outcomes</strong></strong></h2><p>After studying this topic students should be able to:</p><p><strong><strong>Understand:</strong></strong></p><ul><li>Electrochemical cells have internal resistance because of the finite time it takes for ions to diffuse.</li><li>The internal resistance of a cell limits the current it can produce.</li><li>The voltage of a battery primarily depends on the type of materials used, while the total work output depends on their quantity.</li><li>In primary cells the electrochemical reaction is non-reversible. Rechargeable cells involve redox reactions that can be reversed using electricity.</li><li>Fuel cells convert the chemical energy that is contained in the consumed fuels directly into electrical energy.</li><li>Microbial fuel cells, MFCs, which use different carbohydrates or substrates present in waste waters as the fuel, are a possible sustainable energy source.</li><li>The potential of a half-cell under non-standard conditions can be calculated from the Nernst equation:<br><img alt="" class="noborder" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014-Options/Option-C/Nernst-equation.jpg" style="width: 153px; height: 35px;"></li><li>Concentration cells contain the same electrodes but the concentration of the electrolyte solutions at the cathode and anode are different.</li></ul><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>Apply their knowledge to:</strong></p><ul><li>Distinguish between fuel cells and primary cells.</li><li>Deduce the half equations for the electrode reactions in a fuel cell.</li><li>Compare fuel cells with rechargeable batteries.</li><li>Discuss the advantages of different types of cells in terms of size, mass and voltage.</li><li>Solve problems using the Nernst equation.</li><li>Calculate the thermodynamic efficiency (Δ<em>G</em>/Δ<em>H</em>) of a fuel cell.</li><li>Explain the workings of rechargeable batteries and fuel cells (including diagrams and relevant half-equations).</li></ul></div></div></td><td style="width: 50%;" valign="top"><h4><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></b></h4><div class="yellowBg"><div><h4><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><strong>Clarification notes</strong></span></b></h4><p>Consider a battery to be a portable electrochemical source comprising of one or more voltaic (galvanic) cells connected in series.</p><p>The Nernst equation is given in Section 1 of the data booklet.</p><p>Consider hydrogen and methanol as fuels for fuel cells and consider the operation of fuel cells under both acid and alkaline conditions. Familiarity with proton-exchange membrane, PEM, fuel cells is expected.</p><p>Use the <em>Geobacter</em> species of bacteria as an example that can be used in some cells to oxidize ethanoate ions, CH<sub>3</sub>COO<sup>−</sup>, under anaerobic conditions.</p><p>Consider the lead–acid storage battery, the nickel–cadmium, NiCd or NiCad, battery and the lithium–ion battery.</p><p>Familiarity with the half-equations at the anode and cathode and the uses of the different cells is expected.</p><hr class="hidden"><h4>International-mindedness</h4><p>The ways in which spent batteries are disposed of and/or recycled vary from country to country.</p></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="box"><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="width: 50%;" valign="top"><h2><span style=""><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><strong>Teaching tips</strong></span></b></span></h2><p>This sub-topic follows on neatly from <a href="../18350/topics-9-19-1.html" title="New 2014 programme (First exams 2016) » Core & AHL » Teaching each topic & sub-topic » Topics 9 & 19">Topics 9 & 19</a> from the core/AHL. Essentially it is the practical application of voltaic cells so does require some memory work as well as a deeper understanding. The key to the sub-topic is either knowing or being able to deduce the equations for the half-reactions taking place in the different types of rechargeable batteries and fuel cells.</p><p>I start by revising how voltaic cells work and how to calculate the electromotive force for the whole cell (EMF or <em>E</em><sup>⦵</sup><sub>total</sub>) from the standard electrode potentials of the two half-cells. Then go into the specific details for the lead-acid, Ni/Cd and Li-ion rechargeable batteries. Students should realise that when batteries recharge the reaction occurring is the reverse of when it discharges.</p><p>Fuel cells are expensive but have considerable potential. Start with the hydrogen fuel cell and stress that the same overall reaction occurs irrespective of whether the electrolyte is acidic or alkaline but that the half-reactions are different. When methanol is used as the fuel carbon dioxide and water are the products of oxidation. However if the oxidation is carried out anaerobically, as in a microbial fuel cell, then carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions and electrons are formed instead. By using a membrane to allow the passage of the hydrogen ions and the external circuit to allow the flow of electrons a microbial fuel cell can be used to provide a sustainable energy source using waste water and bacteria. Explain the thermodynamic efficiency of a fuel cell including why, in the hydrogen fuel cell, Δ<em>G</em><sup>⦵</sup> is smaller in quantitative value than Δ<em>H</em><sup>⦵</sup> as work needs to be done to overcome the negative entropy change when gaseous hydrogen and oxygen turn into liquid water. One way to ensure they fully understand this is to get them to work out the value for Δ<em>S</em><sup>⦵</sup> (see 2(d) in the<a href="../19455/electrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells-questions-1.html" title="Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells questions"> questions</a>).</p><p>The syllabus states that the Nernst equation can be used to calculate the potential of a half-cell in an electrochemical cell, under non-standard conditions. This is not strictly true. It can be used to calculate the potential for non-standard concentrations but not when just the temperature is changed as then the expression – (<em>RT</em> / <em>nF</em>) ln <em>Q</em> = 0. Give your students plenty of practice at working out the EMF for cells with different concentrations including concentration cells (where only the concentration of the ions in the solutions of otherwise identical half-cells changes).</p><hr class="hidden"></td><td style="width: 50%;" valign="top"><h4><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><strong>Study Guide</strong></span></b></h4><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"><a href="http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/education/international/ibdiploma/studyguides/9780199151424.do?"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><img alt="" class="left noborder" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014%20Basic%20information/New%20cover.jpg" style="width: 67px; height: 96px;"></span></b></a></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"></p><hr class="hidden"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Page </span></b><span style="font-weight: normal;">163</span></p><hr class="hidden"><h2>Questions</h2><p>For ten 'quiz' questions (for quick testing of knowledge and understanding with the answers explained) see <a href="../25258/mc-test-electrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells-1.html" title="Options » Option C » Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells » MC test: Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells">MC test: Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells</a>.</p><p>For short-answer questions see <a href="../19455/electrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells-questions-1.html" title="Options » Option C » Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells » Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells questions">Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells questions</a> together with the worked answers on a separate page <a href="../25204/electrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells-answers-1.html" title="Options » Option C » Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells » Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells answers">Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells answer</a> .</p><hr class="hidden"><h4><span style=""><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><strong>Vocabulary list</strong></span></b></span></h4><p>Nernst equation<br>concentration cell<br>microbial fuel cell, (MFC)<br>proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell<br>Nickel-cadmium (NiCd or NiCad) battery<br>Lead-acid battery<br>Lithium-ion battery</p><hr class="hidden"><h2 id="anchor-10"><strong>Practical work</strong></h2><p><a href="http://www.instructables.com/id/Microbial-Fuel-Cells-A-Way-to-Generate-Clean-Elect/?ALLSTEPS" target="_blank" title="Labs"><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/lab-1.png"> Making a microbial fuel cell </a>- this could make a nice project for your own students.</p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="greenBg"><div><h2 id="header-11">Teaching slides</h2><p>Teachers may wish to share these slides with students for learning or for reviewing key concepts.</p><div id="myCarousel-12" class="carousel slide" data-id="540"><!-- Carousel items --><div class="carousel-inner"><div class="active item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-540/ec1.png" rel="gallery-540" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-540/ec1.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-540/ec2.png" rel="gallery-540" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-540/ec2.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-540/ec3.png" rel="gallery-540" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-540/ec3.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="/files/tib-galleries/3-540/screenshot-2022-02-08-at-154721.png" rel="gallery-540" title=""><img alt="" src="/files/tib-galleries/3-540/screenshot-2022-02-08-at-154721.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-540/ec5.png" rel="gallery-540" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-540/ec5.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-540/ec6.png" rel="gallery-540" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-540/ec6.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-540/ec7.png" rel="gallery-540" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-540/ec7.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-540/ec8.png" rel="gallery-540" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-540/ec8.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-540/ec9.png" rel="gallery-540" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-540/ec9.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-540/ec10.png" rel="gallery-540" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-540/ec10.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-540/ec11.png" rel="gallery-540" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-540/ec11.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-540/ec12.png" rel="gallery-540" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-540/ec12.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells: </p></div></div></div><!-- Carousel nav --><a class="carousel-control left" href="#myCarousel-12" data-slide="prev">‹</a><a class="carousel-control right" href="#myCarousel-12" data-slide="next">›</a><div class="tib-indicators"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 10px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-540/ec1-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-540/ec2-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-540/ec3-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="/files/tib-galleries/3-540/screenshot-2022-02-08-at-154721-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-540/ec5-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-540/ec6-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-540/ec7-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-540/ec8-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-540/ec9-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-540/ec10-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-540/ec11-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-540/ec12-thumb128.jpg"></div></div><p> </p></div></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="blueBg"><h2><span style="font-weight: bold;">Other resources</span></h2><p><strong>1. </strong>A good description by BASF on how lithium-ion batteries work.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="280" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/2PjyJhe7Q1g?rel=0" width="360"></iframe></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://youtu.be/2PjyJhe7Q1g" target="_blank" title="Videos"><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/video-1.png"><span class="anchor" id="video-1" name="video-1"> </span> How lithium-ion batteries work</a></p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>2.</strong> Another good description - this time on how a lead-acid battery works by Bill Hammack from the University of Illinois.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="280" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/rhIRD5YVNbs?rel=0" width="360"></iframe></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://youtu.be/rhIRD5YVNbs" target="_blank" title="Videos"><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/video-1.png"><span class="anchor" id="video-2" name="video-2"> </span> How lead-acid batteries work</a></p><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;"><strong>3.</strong> An animated overview of fuel cells by the Naked Science Scrapbook which provides a good introduction to the different types of fuel cells and why they are useful (but does not include the half-equations).</p><p style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="280" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/Tk_iIzOUjTU?rel=0" width="360"></iframe></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://youtu.be/Tk_iIzOUjTU" target="_blank" title="Videos"><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/video-1.png"><span class="anchor" id="video-3" name="video-3"> </span> Fuel cells</a></p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>4. </strong>This American Chemistry Society video shows how waste water can be used to produce electricity using microbial fuels cells.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="280" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/iaZUsASFI6Y?rel=0" width="360"></iframe></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://youtu.be/iaZUsASFI6Y" target="_blank" title="Videos"><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/video-1.png"><span class="anchor" id="video-4" name="video-4"> </span> Using microbial fuel cells to generate electricity</a></p><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;"></p></div><p style="text-align: center; "></p><p style="text-align: center;"></p></section></article><section id="media-extras"><div class="page-actions no-print navbar inline hidden-desktop"><div class="navbar-inner"><ul class="nav"><li><a class="presentation" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-desktop"></i></a></li><li><a class="print-section-blog" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-print"></i></a></li><li><a class="page-bookmarker" data-ticket="IB Docs (2) Team" data-pid="19453" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star"></i></a></li><li><a class="personal-notes" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-file-text"></i></a></li><li><a class="" data-toggle="modal" href="#modal-feedback" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></a></li><li class="dropdown"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-target="#" href="#"><i class="fa fa-share-alt"></i></a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Twitter" href="https://twitter.com/share?text=%22Electrochemistry%2C+rechargeable+batteries+%26+fuel+cells%22+-+via+%40InThinker+%23chemistry%0A&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F19453%2Felectrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells"><i class="fa fa-twitter-square"></i><span>Twitter</span></a></li><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F19453%2Felectrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells&t=Electrochemistry,+rechargeable+batteries+&+fuel+cells"><i class="fa fa-facebook-square"></i><span>Facebook</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F19453%2Felectrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells"><i class="fa fa-linkedin-square"></i><span>LinkedIn</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="https://plus.google.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F19453%2Felectrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells"><i class="fa fa-google-plus-square"></i><span>Google +</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="mailto:?subject=Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells&body=The first crude fuel cells were actually invented as long ago as 1838 by William Grove, a Welshman and independently by Christian Schönbein from Germany.It was the NASA space programme that really developed them to become...%0Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F19453%2Felectrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells"><i class="fa fa-envelope"></i><span>Email</span></a></li></ul></li><li><a class="" href="chemistry/teaching-materials"><i class="fa fa-puzzle-piece colored"></i></a></li></ul></div></div><div style="border-top: solid 1px #eee;border-bottom: solid 1px #eee;padding: 4px 0 4px 0;line-height: 1em;color: #666;font-size: .8em"><small><em>All materials on this website are for the exclusive use of teachers and students at subscribing schools for the period of their subscription. Any unauthorised copying or posting of materials on other websites is an infringement of our copyright and could result in your account being blocked and legal action being taken against you.</em></small></div></section><section id="comments"></section></div><!-- /#main-column -->
</div>
</div><!-- /#content -->
</div>
</div>
<div id="footer">
<div class="wmap">
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<p>
© <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear())</script> <em>InThinking / IB Documents (2) Team | Version: 31.01.2023</em>
|
<a target="_self" href="/subscribe/about-us">
About us
</a>
|
<a target="_self" href="/subscribe/legal">
Legal
</a>
|
<a target="_self" href="/subscribe/contact">
Contact
</a>
</p>
<p>
<a class="social" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/inthinker">
<img src="../../../social/twitter-square-1.svg"> Twitter
</a>
<a class="social" target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/inthinking.net">
<img src="../../../social/facebook-square-1.svg"> Facebook
</a>
<a class="social" target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/9s4we1">
<img src="../../../social/linkedin-square-1.svg"> LinkedIn
</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<input id="tzoffset" type="hidden" value="-36000"><div id="modal-session-expired" class="modal fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" data-backdrop="static" data-keyboard="false">
<div class="modal-dialog" role="document">
<div class="modal-content">
<div class="modal-header">
<h3 style="margin-top: 0">Your session has expired</h3>
</div>
<div class="modal-body" style="padding: 10px;">
<p>You will have to reload and log in again.</p>
</div>
<div class="modal-footer">
<a id="session-expired" class="btn btn-danger pull-right" href="#">
<i class="fa fa-refresh"></i> Reload
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Loading scripts at the end of the body means faster page loading -->
<script src="../../../js/jquery-1.10.2.min-1.js"></script>
<script src="../../../js/bootstrap.min-1.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/jq-fancybox/jquery.fancybox.pack-1.js"></script>
<script>var pageId = 19453;</script><script src="../../../js/autosize.min-1.js" media="screen"></script><script src="../../../js/user/section-faves.min-1.js?v=202110111730"></script><script src="../../../js/edit/table-of-contents.min-1.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../assets/build/app-1.js?v=202204141130"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../assets/js/ckeditor5-utils.min-1.js?v=20211202"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/tib-fullscreen/tib-fullscreen.min-1.js?v=202109221648"></script><script src="../../../js/sidemenu/sidemenu.min-1.js?v=202011301145"></script><script src="../../../js/header-circle.min-1.js?v=20220113"></script><script src="../../../js/password-toggler.min-1.js?v=20220929"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/cookies.min-1.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
// The cookies alert
if (! readCookie("displayCookieConsent") && ! readCookie("y") ) {
var cookieMSG = "We use cookies. By continuing to use this website you are giving consent to cookies being used.";
setTimeout(function() {
$.ajax({
cache: true,
url: "js/cookiechoices.js",
dataType: "script",
success: function () {
cookieChoices.showCookieConsentBar(cookieMSG, 'close', 'Read more', "chemistry/legal#cookies");
}
});
}, 2000);
}
</script><script>var sAJAX='/pages/activity/user-stats-page.php?t=IB Docs (2) Team&x=13193';var sData='0ebg+I>F/4F[IxZ4hvT)hIn82Oc2UjpCqiT2UMWunVrMIxZcovT4Lmb9+iCcoNcMLmbuUIbc+iCC2|Lc+Nb6qtQ[+I>8qIb1qI])qOTcoxQ4qNS62e/6/OnQ+|>9oNw1o[/z/[/6/|Lco|Te+NSahNk[54]6/Obc2iZQ2|ncIj>u2vr[5[bg+NLc/[g[2|TMojTe+iTahNk[5[/S5-kQ]ebZ';var loopSecs = 30;var lsKey = '39279ab6ee1efdae56e2e3704a7fbc42';</script><script src="../../../js/user/user-stats-page.min-1.js?v=202102101800"></script><script>var sessionUpdateSecs = 600;</script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/session-updater-1.js?v=20200831"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(document).ready(function(){
function padLeft(str,max){return str.length<max?padLeft("0"+str,max):str}function padRight(str,max){return str.length<max?padRight(str+"0",max):str}$("body").on("click",'a[href="#"], a.fancybox-nav, a[data-toggle="tab"], a[data-toggle="dropdown"], a[data-toggle="collapse"], a[data-toggle="modal"]',(function(e){e.preventDefault()}));var topmenuOffset=0,topmenuHeight=0;function fixDiv(t,h){$(window).scrollTop()<topmenuOffset||$("#topmenu ul.level-1").is(":visible")?($("#topmenu").css({position:"",width:""}),$("#topmenu").removeClass("fixed-top"),$("body").css({"padding-top":"0"})):($("#topmenu").css({position:"fixed",top:"0",width:$("#topmenu").width()+"px"}),$("#topmenu").addClass("fixed-top"),$("body").css({"padding-top":topmenuHeight+"px"}))}function fixSearchNav(){var searchMenuTop=topmenuOffset+topmenuHeight,searchMenuH=$("#nav-menu-search").is(":visible")?$("#nav-menu-search").outerHeight():0;$(window).scrollTop()>searchMenuTop-topmenuHeight?($("#nav-menu-search").css({position:"fixed",top:topmenuHeight+"px",left:"0",right:"0"}),$("#nav-menu-search").addClass("fixed-top"),$("body").css("padding-top",topmenuHeight+searchMenuH+"px")):($("#nav-menu-search").css({position:""}),$("#nav-menu-search").removeClass("fixed-top"),$("body").css("padding-top","0"))}$("#topmenu").length&&(topmenuOffset=$("#topmenu").offset().top,topmenuHeight=$("#topmenu").outerHeight(),fixDiv(),$(window).scroll((function(){fixDiv(),fixSearchNav()}))),$("a.toggle-menu-search").on("click",(function(e){e.preventDefault(),$("#nav-menu-search").slideToggle("fast",(function(){$(this).find('input[name="s"]').focus()}))}));var menuH=$("#topmenu").height(),itemH=$("#topmenu > nav > ul > li").height();function fancyScrollTo(id){$("html, body").animate({scrollTop:$("#"+id).offset().top-300},300)}function printSectionBlog(){var w=$(window).width()/2,h,windowSettings="height="+($(window).height()-100)+", width="+w+", left=0, top=0, resizable=no, ";windowSettings+="scrollbars=yes, toolbar=no, menubar=no, location=no, ",windowSettings+="directories=no, status=yes";var myWindow=window.open("","Page printer",windowSettings),containerHtml=["<html>","<head>","<title>Page printer</title>",'<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'+window.location.origin+'/css/style.min.css?v=202211152130">','<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'+window.location.origin+"/css/style"+SITE_TAG+'.min.css?v=202104061357">','<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'+window.location.origin+'/css/snippets.min.css?v=202210181500">','<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'+window.location.origin+'/css/article.min.css?v=202210181500">',"</head>","<body>",$("section#main-content").html().replace(/<span\sclass="MJX_Assistive_MathML".*?<\/span>/g,""),"</body>","</html>"].join("");containerHtml=containerHtml.replace(/src="files\//gi,'src="'+window.location.origin+"/files/"),myWindow.document.write(containerHtml),myWindow.document.close(),myWindow.focus(),setTimeout((function(){$.when(myWindow.print()).then(myWindow.close())}),1e3)}function PopupPrint(target){window.print()}$("#topmenu > nav > ul > li").each((function(){if(menuH>itemH&&$(this).position().top<1){var i=itemH+1;$(this).find("ul:first").css("margin-top","-"+i+"px")}})),$("#topmenu > nav > ul > li").on("mouseenter mouseleave",(function(e){var submenu=$("ul:first",this),submenuW=submenu.width();$(this).offset().left+submenuW>$(window).width()&&(submenu.css("right","0"),submenu.find("ul").each((function(){if(!$(this).hasClass("fixed")){var l=$(this).width()+submenuW;$(this).css("margin-left","-"+l+"px"),$(this).addClass("fixed")}})))})),$("a.showhider").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var box="#"+$(this).attr("rel"),show='<i class="fa fa-eye"></i>',hide='<i class="fa fa-eye-slash"></i>';$(box).slideToggle("fast"),$(this).html($(this).html()==show?hide:show),$(this).attr("title","Show"==$(this).attr("title")?"Hide":"Show")})),$("a.scroll-to").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var n=$("#"+$(this).data("target")).offset().top-70;$("html, body").animate({scrollTop:n},300)})),$("a.print-section-blog").click((function(e){e.preventDefault(),printSectionBlog()})),$(".print-button").click((function(e){var target;e.preventDefault(),PopupPrint("#"+$(this).data("target-id"))})),$(".alert.alert-success").delay(6e3).hide("fast",fixDiv());var fancyParent=1==$("body").find($("#main-article")).length?"#main-article":"body",fancyOptions={loop:!1,openEffect:"elastic",closeEffect:"elastic",nextEffect:"fade",prevEffect:"fade",parent:fancyParent,helpers:{title:{type:"inside"}}};if($("ul.gallery").each((function(){var rel=$(this).find("li:first-child > a:first-child").attr("rel");$('ul.gallery a.fancy[rel="'+rel+'"]').fancybox(fancyOptions)})),$(".carousel.slide").each((function(){var rel="gallery-"+$(this).data("id");$('.carousel.slide a.fancy[rel="'+rel+'"]').fancybox(fancyOptions)})),$("img.pop").parent("a").each((function(){$(this).attr("title",$(this).children("img").attr("alt"))})),$("img.pop").parent("a").fancybox({loop:!1,helpers:{title:{type:"inside"}}}),!are_cookies_enabled()){var msg='<div class="alert alert-error"><i class="fa fa-warning"></i> Your browser does not accept cookies from this site. Please enable cookies to log in.</div><div class="alert alert-info"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i> Enabling cookies in <a target="_blank" style="margin: 0; padding: 0;" href="https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/enable-and-disable-cookies-website-preferences">Firefox</a>, <a target="_blank" style="margin: 0; padding: 0;" href="https://support.google.com/accounts/answer/61416?hl=en">Chrome</a>, <a target="_blank" style="margin: 0; padding: 0;" href="http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-vista/block-or-allow-cookies">Explorer</a></div>';$("#modal-login .modal-header").append(msg)}if($(".panel-expandable > .panel-heading").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var panel=$(this).closest(".panel-expandable"),expandables=panel.hasClass("panel-has-footer")?".panel-body, .panel-footer":".panel-body";panel.find(".panel-body").is(":visible")?(panel.find(expandables).slideUp("fast"),panel.find(".expander > .fa-minus").removeClass("fa-minus").addClass("fa-plus")):(panel.find(expandables).slideDown("fast"),panel.find(".expander > .fa-plus").removeClass("fa-plus").addClass("fa-minus"))})),$("#modal-find-out-more").css({width:.8*$("#container").width()+"px","margin-left":-.4*$("#container").width()+"px"}),$(".modal-xxl").length){var modalTopPos=Math.round(.07*$(window).height());$(window).width()>1200&&$(".modal-xxl").css({"max-width":$(window).width()>960?"960px":$(window).width()+"px",width:$(window).width()>960?"960px":$(window).width()+"px","margin-left":$(window).width()>960?"-480px":Math.round($(window).width()/2)}),$(".modal-xxl").css("top",modalTopPos+"px"),$(".modal-xxl").on("shown",(function(){var mHeaderH=$(this).find(".modal-header").outerHeight(),mBody=$(this).find(".modal-body"),mBodyH=mBody.outerHeight(),mFooterH=$(this).find(".modal-footer").outerHeight(),bottomOfTheModal=modalTopPos+mHeaderH+mBodyH+mFooterH;if(bottomOfTheModal<$(window).height())mBodyH+=$(window).height()-bottomOfTheModal-60,mBody.css("max-height",mBodyH+"px");else{$(window).scrollTop(0),modalTopPos=10,$(".modal-xxl").css("top",modalTopPos+"px"),bottomOfTheModal=modalTopPos+mHeaderH+mBodyH+mFooterH,availableScroll=bottomOfTheModal-$(window).height()+modalTopPos;var lastPos=-1;$(window).on("scroll",(function(){var s=$(window).scrollTop()>availableScroll?availableScroll:$(window).scrollTop();newPos=modalTopPos-s,newPos!=lastPos&&($(".modal-xxl").css("top",newPos+"px"),lastPos=newPos)}))}}))}function popupHelp(url,title,w,h){var dualScreenLeft=void 0!==window.screenLeft?window.screenLeft:screen.left,dualScreenTop=void 0!==window.screenTop?window.screenTop:screen.top,width,height,left=(window.innerWidth?window.innerWidth:document.documentElement.clientWidth?document.documentElement.clientWidth:screen.width)/2-w/2+dualScreenLeft,top=(window.innerHeight?window.innerHeight:document.documentElement.clientHeight?document.documentElement.clientHeight:screen.height)/2-h/2+dualScreenTop,newWindow=window.open(url,title,"menubar=no,location=no,resizable=0, width="+w+", height="+h+", top="+top+", left="+left);return window.focus&&(newWindow?newWindow.focus():$('<div class="alert alert-warning" style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><p class="help-block">Pop Up blocked. Please allow Pop Ups in your browser settings.</p></div>').insertBefore("body")),newWindow}if($(".open-student-access-help").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var h=$(window).height()-20,w=$(window).width()<1280?$(window).width():1280;popupHelp(helpURL,"Student Access Help",w,h)})),$(".pop-up-help").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var url=$(this).attr("href"),title=$(this).data("title"),h=$(window).height()-20,w;popupHelp(url,title,$(window).width()<1280?$(window).width():1280,h)})),$("section.tib-hiddenbox").length){var count=0;$($("section.tib-hiddenbox").get().reverse()).each((function(){var box=$(this),revealButton;$("<a />").attr("class","btn showhider").attr("rel","hiddenBoxContent"+count).attr("style","margin-bottom: 0;").html('<i class="fa fa-eye"></i>').insertBefore(box);var newContainer=$("<div />").attr("class","hidden-content").attr("id","hiddenBoxContent"+count).html(box.html());newContainer.hide(),newContainer.insertBefore(box),box.remove(),count++})),$("a.showhider").on("click",(function(e){var container=$("#"+$(this).attr("rel"));container.is(":hidden")?(container.fadeIn("fast"),$(this).html('<i class="fa fa-eye-slash"></i>')):(container.fadeOut("fast"),$(this).html('<i class="fa fa-eye"></i>'))}))}
$('.toc-switcher').click(function(e){
e.preventDefault();
$('.toc > ol').slideToggle('fast');
$(this).find('i:last-child').toggleClass('fa fa-chevron-circle-up').toggleClass('fa fa-chevron-down');
$(this).attr('title', $(this).attr('title') == 'Show table of contents' ? 'Hide table of contents' : 'Show table of contents');
});function loadComments(){$.get("pages/comment.php",{action:"get-list",ticket:"IB Docs (2) Team",site_with_comments:"1",general_id:"3",sitename:"chemistry",section_id:"19453"},(function(t){"1"==t.success?($("#comments").html(t.html),"undefined"!=typeof CKEDITOR&&initCommentsEditor()):alert("Error (lc1): please contact support")}),"json")}$(document).ready((function(){loadComments()}));let commentEditor={};function initCommentsEditor(){const t=document.querySelector("#comment-content");t&&CKEDITOR.BasicEditor.create(t,{toolbar:{viewportTopOffset:50,items:["bold","italic","link","subscript","superscript"]},link:{decorators:{addLinkNoFollow:{mode:"automatic",callback:function(t){if(null!=t)return["http://","http://www","https://","https://www","ftp:"].some((o=>t.startsWith(o)))},attributes:{target:"_blank",class:"ck-link",rel:"nofollow"}}}}}).then((function(t){commentEditor=t,commentEditor.execute("heading",{value:"paragraph"})})).catch((function(t){console.error(t)}))}function replaceComment(content,commentId){$("#cancel-comment-post").trigger("click"),$("#comm-"+commentId+" > .comment-content div.comment-text").html(content)}function placeComment(html,fatherId){$("#comment-form").hide(),$("#comment-form textarea").val(""),fatherId>0?($("#comments #comm-"+fatherId).append(html),$("#comments").append($("#comment-form"))):$("#comments").append(html).append($("#comment-form")),$(".comment .fa-arrow-down").removeClass("fa-arrow-down").addClass("fa-reply"),$(".comment-content").removeClass("marked"),$("#comment-form").show("fast")}function update_sticky_comments(arrIds,mode){$.post("pages/edit/update-sticky-comments.php?mode="+mode,{ids:arrIds,ticket:$("#comment-ticket").val()},(function(data){1==data.success?("set"==data.mode&&$("#sticky-"+data.id).parents("div.comment").each((function(e){$(this).find("a.pull-right").first().addClass("sticky"),$(this).find("a.pull-right").first().attr("title","Unmark as important")})),"unset"==data.mode&&($("#sticky-"+data.id).removeClass("sticky"),$("#sticky-"+data.id).attr("title","Mark as important"),$("#sticky-"+data.id).closest("div.comment").find("div.comment").each((function(e){$(this).find("a.pull-right").first().removeClass("sticky"),$(this).find("a.pull-right").first().attr("title","Mark as important")})))):alert(data.error)}),"json")}"undefined"!=typeof CKEDITOR&&initCommentsEditor(),$("section#comments").on("click","#edit-comment",(function(e){e.preventDefault();var commentId=$("form#comment-form #comment-mode").val(),commentContent=commentEditor.getData(),ticket=$("#comment-ticket").val(),sectionId=$("#section-id").val();$.post("pages/comment.php",{action:"edit",comment_id:commentId,content:commentContent,ticket:ticket},(function(data){"0"==data.success?alert(data.error):replaceComment(data.text,commentId)}),"json")})),$("section#comments").on("click","a.edit-comment",(function(e){e.preventDefault(),$(".comment .hidden").removeClass("hidden");var commentId=$(this).data("comment-id"),form=$("form#comment-form"),text=$("#comm-"+commentId+" > .comment-content div.comment-text").html();commentEditor.setData(text),$("form#comment-form textarea").val(""),$("form#comment-form textarea").val(text),$("#comm-"+commentId+" > .comment-content > img").addClass("hidden"),$("#comm-"+commentId+" > .comment-content > div.comment-text").addClass("hidden"),$("#comm-"+commentId+" > .comment-footer").addClass("hidden"),$("#comm-"+commentId+" > .comment-content").append(form),$("form#comment-form #submit-comment").hide(),$("form#comment-form #edit-comment").show(),$("form#comment-form #cancel-comment-post").show(),$("form#comment-form #comment-mode").val(commentId),fancyScrollTo("comment-form"),$("form#comment-form textarea").focus()})),$("section#comments").on("click","#submit-comment",(function(e){e.preventDefault();var commentContent=commentEditor.getData(),fatherId=$("#father-comment").val(),ticket=$("#comment-ticket").val(),sectionId=$("#section-id").val();$.post("pages/comment.php",{action:"post",section_id:sectionId,father_id:fatherId,content:commentContent,ticket:ticket},(function(data){if("0"==data.success)alert(data.error);else{commentEditor.setData(""),placeComment(data.html,fatherId),$("form#comment-form #cancel-comment-post").hide();var n=0;$("#n-comments").text().length>0&&(n=parseInt($("#n-comments").text())),$("#n-comments").text(n+1)}}),"json")})),$("section#comments").on("click","a.reply-comment",(function(e){e.preventDefault(),$(".comment .fa-arrow-down").removeClass("fa-arrow-down").addClass("fa-reply"),$(".comment-content").removeClass("marked");var form=$("form#comment-form"),fatherId=$(this).parent().parent(".comment").attr("rel");form.find("#father-comment").val(fatherId),$(this).parent().parent(".comment").find("> .reply-area").append(form),$(this).find(".fa-reply").removeClass("fa-reply").addClass("fa-arrow-down"),$(this).parent().prev(".comment-content").addClass("marked"),$("form#comment-form #cancel-comment-post").show(),fancyScrollTo("comment-form"),$("form#comment-form textarea").focus()})),$("section#comments").on("click","#cancel-comment-post",(function(e){e.preventDefault(),$(".comment .hidden").removeClass("hidden"),$(".comment .fa-arrow-down").removeClass("fa-arrow-down").addClass("fa-reply"),$(".comment-content.marked").removeClass("marked"),commentEditor.setData("");var form=$("form#comment-form");$("section#comments").append(form),$("form#comment-form #father-comment").val("0"),$("form#comment-form textarea").val(""),$("form#comment-form #comment-mode").val("new"),$("#edit-comment").hide(),$(this).hide(),$("#submit-comment").show()})),$("section#comments").on("click","a.delete-comment",(function(e){var commentId=$(this).data("comment-id"),isFather=$("#comm-"+commentId).children(".comment").length>0,ticket=$("#comment-ticket").val(),msg="You are going to delete a comment.\n\nThis action cannot be undone.\n\nAre you sure?";isFather&&(msg="You are going to delete a comment and all its replies.\n\nThis action cannot be undone.\n\nAre you sure?"),confirm(msg)&&$.post("pages/comment.php",{action:"delete",comment_id:commentId,is_father:isFather,ticket:ticket},(function(data){if("0"==data.success)alert(data.error);else{$("#comm-"+commentId+".comment").replaceWith(data.text);var n=0;$("#n-comments").text().length&&(n=parseInt($("#n-comments").text())),$("#n-comments").text(n-parseInt(data.deleted))}}),"json"),e.preventDefault(),e.stopPropagation()})),$("section#comments").on("click","a.pull-right",(function(e){e.preventDefault();var arrayIds=[];$(this).hasClass("sticky")?(arrayIds.push($(this).closest("div.comment").attr("rel")),$(this).closest("div.comment").find("div.comment").each((function(e){arrayIds.push($(this).attr("rel"))})),update_sticky_comments(arrayIds,"unset")):($(this).parents("div.comment").each((function(e){arrayIds.push($(this).attr("rel"))})),update_sticky_comments(arrayIds,"set"))}));$('#tl-tabs a').click(function (e) {e.preventDefault();$(this).tab('show');});$('img.ico[src="/img/icons/comments.png"]').each((function(){var comment=$(this).attr("title");$(this).removeAttr("title"),$(this).wrap('<a class="tib-popover" href="#" data-content="'+comment+'" data-togle="popover" data-placement="top" />')})),$('img.ico[src="img/icons/comments.png"]').each((function(){var comment=$(this).attr("title");$(this).removeAttr("title"),$(this).wrap('<a class="tib-popover" href="#" data-content="'+comment+'" data-togle="popover" data-placement="top" />')})),$(".tib-popover").popover({html:!0,trigger:"hover",delay:{show:300,hide:300},placement:function(context,source){var position=$(source).position();return position.top>200?"top":position.left<515?"right":position.top<200?"bottom":position.left>515?"left":"top"}}).click((function(e){e.preventDefault()}));var carouselTime=6500;$("div.carousel.slide").carousel({interval:carouselTime}),$(".tib-indicators > img").click((function(){var index=$(this).index(),container;$(this).closest(".carousel.slide").carousel(index)}));
$('a.btn.showhider').click(function(e) {
var showHiderId = $( this ).attr('rel');
if ( $('#'+showHiderId).find('iframe').length > 0 ) {
$('#'+showHiderId+' iframe').each(function() {
if ( $(this).attr('src').indexOf('.pdf') > 0 ) {
this.contentWindow.location.reload(true);
}
});
}
});
var hTopmenu = $('#topmenu').height();
var n = 0;
$('nav.top-nav > ul > li').each(function(k, e) {
if (n > 1) {
var diff = hTopmenu-(e.offsetTop+e.offsetHeight);
$(e).find(' > ul ').css('margin-top', '-'+diff+'px');
}
n++;
});
});
</script>
</body>
</html>
</a>